Initial validation of the Yin-Yang Assessment Questionnaire for persons with diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Presentations of Yin-deficiency and Yang-deficiency in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus

18 Yin-deficiency presentations	14 Yang-deficiency presentations
I have felt excessively warm in all seasons1	I have had an aversion to cold in all seasons1
I have worn thin clothes due to feeling excessively warm	I have worn thick clothes due to my aversion to cold
I have intermittent hot and cold spells	I have had an aversion to strong wind
My face has been flushed with crimson red	I have experienced heavy sweating1
I have been thin and slim1	My body looks puffy1
My palms or soles have felt hot	I have had pains on my knee, loin, shoulder, and back but feeling better with heat application1
I have had tinnitus1	I have running nose or and sneezing1
I have dry cough1	I have had clear sputum1
I have experienced hot flush especially in the afternoon	I have felt comfortable with hot drink1
I have experienced sweating at night1	I needed to wake up because of my diarrhea
My stools have been dry and hard1	My stools have been loose or watery1
I have felt hungry even after big meals	I have had diarrhea, itchy throat or cough after intake of cold food
I have passed minimal volumes of urine that were yellow colored1	I have passed large volumes of colorless urine1
I have always drunk water to quench my thirst	I have experienced bland taste in my mouth1
My thirst could not be relieved by frequent water intake1
My skin has been very dry1
My eyes have felt very dry
My lips have felt very dry

¹Presentations found in multiple-case studies[18].

Table 2 The Yin-Yang Assessment Questionnaire

Your feelings (presentations)	Put a "tick" if applicable
	No	Rare	Occasional	Often	Always
	0	(1 score)	(2 scores)	(3 scores)	(4 scores)
I have felt excessively warm in all seasons1
I have worn thin clothes due to feeling excessively warm1
I have had an aversion to cold in all seasons2
I have worn thick clothes due to my aversion to cold2
I have intermittent hot and cold spells1
I have had an aversion to strong wind2
My face has been flushed with crimson red1
I have experienced hot flush especially in the afternoon1
I have experienced sweating at night1
My skin has been very dry1
My eyes have felt very dry1
My lips have felt very dry1
I have been thin and slim1
My body looks puffy2
My palms or soles have felt hot1
I have had pains on my knee, loin, shoulder, and back but feeling better with heat application1
I have running nose or and sneezing1
I have had tinnitus2
I have always drunk water to quench my thirst1
I have experienced heavy sweating2
My thirst could not be relieved by frequent water intake1
I have felt comfortable with hot drink2
I have dry cough1
I have had clear sputum2
My stools have been dry and hard1
My stools have been loose or watery2
I needed to wake up because of my diarrhea2
I have experienced bland taste in my mouth2
I have felt hungry even after big meals1
I have had diarrhea, itchy throat or cough after intake of cold food2
I have passed minimal volumes of urine that were yellow colored1
I have passed large volumes of colorless urine2

¹Yin-deficiency presentation;

²Yang-deficiency presentation.

Table 3 Categorization of the Yin-Yang Assessment Questionnaire score levels in research setting

Presentation	Presentation score levels
	Low score	Moderate score	High score	Very high score
Yin-deficiency (median = 18)	0-11	12-18	19-27	> 27
Yang-deficiency (median = 15)	0-10	11-15	16-20	> 20
Yin-Yang-deficiency (median = 35)	0-23	24-35	36-48	> 48

Table 4 Comprehensibility of Yin-Yang Assessment Questionnaire (n = 5)

Your feelings (presentations)	Frequency of comprehensibility
	Not	Moderately	Highly
I have felt excessively warm in all seasons	0	4	1
I have worn thin clothes due to feeling excessively warm	0	4	1
I have had an aversion to cold in all seasons	0	3	2
I have worn thick clothes due to my aversion to cold	0	3	2
I have intermittent hot and cold spells	1	4	0
I have had an aversion to strong wind	1	4	0
My face has been flushed with crimson red	0	5	0
I have experienced hot flush especially in the afternoon	1	4	0
I have experienced sweating at night	0	5	0
My skin has been very dry	0	5	0
My eyes have felt very dry	0	5	0
My lips have felt very dry	1	4	1
I have been thin and slim	0	0	5
My body looks puffy	1	4	0
My palms or soles have felt hot	0	5	0
I have had pains on my knee, loin, shoulder, and back but feeling better with heat application	0	4	1
I have running nose or and sneezing	0	5	0
I have had tinnitus	0	0	5
I have always drunk water to quench my thirst	0	0	5
I have experienced heavy sweating	0	5	0
My thirst could not be relieved by frequent water intake	0	3	2
I have felt comfortable with hot drink	0	0	5
I have dry cough	1	4	0
I have had clear sputum	0	5	0
My stools have been dry and hard	0	0	5
My stools have been loose or watery	0	0	5
I needed to wake up because of my diarrhea	1	4	0
I have experienced bland taste in my mouth	1	4	0
I have felt hungry even after big meals	0	0	5
I have had diarrhea, itchy throat or cough after intake of cold food	0	0	5
I have passed minimal volumes of urine that were yellow colored	0	4	1
I have passed large volumes of colorless urine	0	5	0

Table 5 Categorization of the Yin-Yang Assessment Questionnaire score levels in clinical setting

Presentation	Presentation score levels
	Low score	Moderate score	High score
Yin-deficiency (median = 18)	0-11	12-18	> 18
Yang-deficiency (median = 15)	0-10	11-15	> 15
Yin-Yang-deficiency (median = 35)	0-23	24-35	> 35