Diabetes and cancer: Associations, mechanisms, and implications for medical practice

Table 1 Combined relative risk and 95%CI in meta-analyses of cohort studies of cancer risk in different organs of diabetic patients

Cancer	Ref.	No. of cohort studies	RR (95%CI)	RR (95%CI) male	RR (95%CI) female
Pancreas	Ben et al[76], 2011	35	1.94 (1.66-2.27)	1.70 (1.55-1.87)1	1.60 (1.43-1.77)1
Liver	Wang et al[56], 2012	18	2.01 (1.61-2.51)	1.96 (1.71-2.24)1	1.66 (1.14-2.41)1
Breast	De Bruijn et al[66], 2013	20	1.23 (1.12-1.34)	NA	1.23 (1.12-1.34)
Endometrium	Zhang et al[67], 2013	15	1.81 (1.38-2.37)	NA	1.81 (1.38-2.37)
Colon-rectum	Jiang et al[62], 2011	30	1.27 (1.21-1.34)	1.25 (1.17-1.33)1	1.23 (1.13-1.33)1
Kidney	Bao et al[70], 2013	11	1.39 (1.09-1.78)	1.28 (1.10-1.48)	1.47 (1.18-1.73)
Bladder	Zhu et al[73], 2013	29	1.29 (1.08-1.54)	1.36 (1.05-1.77)	1.28 (0.75-2.19)
Prostate	Zhang et al[78], 2012	25	0.92 (0.81-1.05)	0.92 (0.81-1.05)	NA
Gastric	Yoon et al[81], 2013	11	1.20 (1.08-1.34)	1.10 (0.97-1.24)	1.24 (1.01-1.52)
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	Castillo et al[85], 2012	11	1.21 (1.02-1.45)	1.13 (0.96-1.34)	1.24 (0.97-1.58)

¹Based on the studies reported by gender. NA: Unavailable.

Table 2 Pooled HRs and 95%CI of all-cause mortality in cancer patients with and without preexisting diabetes mellitus

Cancer	Ref.	No. of cohort studies	HR (95%CI)	HR (95%CI) male	HR (95%CI) female
Pancreas	Barone et al[87], 2008	4	1.09 (0.70-1.69)	NA	NA
Liver	Wang et al[56], 2012	3	1.56 (1.30-1.87)	1.84 (1.34-2.51)	1.31 (1.06-1.61)
Breast	De Bruijn et al[66], 2013	20	1.38 (1.20-1.58)	NA	1.38 (1.20-1.58)
Endometrium	Zhang et al[67], 2013	6	1.23 (0.80-1.90)	NA	1.23 (0.80-1.90)
Colon-rectum	Jiang et al[62], 2011	11	1.20 (1.03-1.40)	1.26 (1.04-1.52)	1.18 (0.98-1.41)
Kidney	Bao et al[70], 2013	8	1.12 (0.99-1.20)	NA	NA
Bladder	Zhu et al[73], 2013	11	1.33 (1.14-1.55)	1.54 (1.30-1.82)1	1.50 (1.05-2.14)1
Prostate	Barone et al[87], 2008	3	1.51 (0.94-2.43)	1.51 (0.94-2.43)	NA
Gastric	Tian et al[88], 2012	NA	1.29 (1.04-1.59)	NA	NA
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	Lin et al[89], 2007	1	1.33 (0.61-2.90)	NA	NA

¹Based on the studies reported by gender. NA: Unavailable.