Original Article
Copyright ©2013 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2013; 4(4): 135-144
Published online Aug 15, 2013. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i4.135
Table 1 Blood testing performed for identification of comorbidities
Blood testNormative range
Red blood cell counts
Women4.0-5.6 × 1012/L
Men4.5-6.0 × 1012/L
White blood cell counts4.0-11.0 × 109/L
Platelet counts150-400 × 109/L
Electrolytes (mmol/L)
Sodium133-145
Potassium3.3-5.1
Chloride98-111
Bicarbonate21-31
Calcium2.10-2.55
Magnesium0.65-1.05
Urea (mmol/L)3.0-8.5
Creatinine (μmol/L)50-120
Aspartate transaminase (U/L)8-40
Alanine transaminase (U/L)1-60
Gamma glutamyl-transferase (U/L)8-40
Albumin (g/L)33-48
Total bilirubin (μmol/L0-20
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)3.8-5.2
Low density lipoproteins (mmol/L)2.2-3.4
High density lipoproteins (mmol/L)> 0.9
Triglycerides (mmol/L)0.6-2.3
Cobalamin (measured by immunoassay), (pmol/L)> 155
Thiamine (μg/L)33-110
Thyroid stimulating hormone (mU/L)0.2-6.0
Total thyroxine (nmol/L)59-154
Antinuclear autoantibody detection ≤ 1:80
Extractable nuclear antigensAbsent
Serum protein electrophoresisThe sensitivity for detection of gammopathy was 2 g/L with serum protein electrophoresis, and samples with peaks of 2-4 g/L were subjected to immunofixation for verification
Serum copper (μmol/L)11-24
Fasting methylmalonic acid (measured using high performance liquid chromatography), (μmol/L)< 0.15
Hemoglobin A1C4.3%-6.1%
Table 2 Demographics for cohorts with diabetes mellitus n (%)
Type 1 diabetes onlyType 1 diabetesplus comorbidityType 2 diabetesonlyType 2diabetes plus comorbidity
Patients311922891
Duration of disease (mo)316 ± 26310 ± 25107 ± 7150 ± 12a
HbA1c level (%)11.2 ± 1.411.7 ± 1.69.8 ± 0.211.2 ± 0.3a
Age (yr)50 ± 754 ± 862.0 ± 1.861.0 ± 1.4
Sex (male)17 (55)12 (63)91 (40)36 (40)
Nature of comorbidities15 (79)63 (69)
lipid disorder
Low cobalamin/elevated MMA9 (47)36 (40)
Monoclonal gammopathy2 (11)4 (4)
Thyroid disease5 (26)11 (12)
Uremia7 (37)13 (14)
Autoimmune diseases4 (21)8 (9)
Alcoholism3 (16)10 (11)
Hypertension13 (68)74 (81)
Medications
Insulin31 (100)19 (100)55 (23)24 (26)
Metformin198 (86)80 (88)
Glyburide155 (68)63 (69)
Gliclazide41 (18)11 (12)
Statins/Ezetemide21 (68)9 (47)146 (64)48 (53)
Blood pressure medications22 (71)14 (74)118 (52)57 (62)
Thyroid replacement12 (39)5 (26)38 (17)14 (15)
SSRIs4 (13)2 (11)28 (12)16 (18)
Anxiolytics/Sedatives8 (26)3 (16)48 (21)13 (14)
NSAIDs12 (39)9 (47)104 (46)55 (60)
Acetaminophen6 (19)3 (16)37 (16)17 (19)
Gabapentin5 (16)4 (21)41 (18)15 (16)
Pregabalin4 (13)3 (16)36 (16)11 (12)
Codeine3 (10)4 (21)31 (13)8 (9)
Amitriptyline3 (10)3 (16)25 (11)6 (7)
Oxycocet1 (3)2 (11)18 (8)4 (4)
Nortriptyline1 (3)1 (5)12 (5)4 (4)
Duloxetine2 (6)3 (16)22 (10)5 (5)
Venlafaxine3 (10)2 (11)25 (11)4 (4)
Fentanyl1 (3)2 (11)6 (3)3 (3)
Tramadol1 (3)0 (0)8 (3)2 (2)
Morphine0 (0)2 (11)7 (3)3 (3)