Prognostic value of microRNA-495-3p, adiponectin, and cardiometabolic index in type 2 diabetic nephropathy

Table 1 Baseline information, mean ± SD/n (%)

Variables		Control (n = 49)	Study (n = 98)	χ2/t value	P value
Age (years)		46.01 ± 6.18	45.89 ± 4.13	-0.140	0.889
Gender	Male	20 (40.82)	42 (42.86)	0.056	0.813
	Female	29 (59.18)	56 (57.14)
BMI (kg/m2)		25.11 ± 2.15	25.41 ± 2.18	0.790	0.431
Smoking	Yes	12 (24.49)	23 (23.47)	0.019	0.891
	No	37 (75.51)	75 (76.53)
Duration of disease (years)		5.23 ± 1.16	5.11 ± 1.03	-0.638	0.524
Drinking	Yes	16 (32.65)	30 (30.61)	0.063	0.801
	No	33 (67.35)	68 (69.39)
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)		65.15 ± 7.15	115.26 ± 30.16	-11.452	< 0.001
24-hour urinary protein quantification (mg/24 hours)		226.21 ± 21.05	521.15 ± 45.26	-43.280	< 0.001
Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g)		21.02 ± 2.65	44.26 ± 5.12	-29.805	< 0.001

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Comparison of serum microRNA-495-3p, adiponectin, and cardiometabolic index levels between the study group and the control group, mean ± SD

Group	miR-495-3p	ADPN (μg/mL)	CMI
Control (n = 49)	0.75 ± 0.13	8.36 ± 1.02	0.51 ± 0.16
Study (n = 98)	0.59 ± 0.21	12.66 ± 1.23	0.92 ± 0.14
t value	4.881	-21.101	-15.950
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

miR-495-3p: microRNA-495-3p; ADPN: Adiponectin; CMI: Cardiometabolic index.

Table 3 Comparison of serum microRNA-495-3p, adiponectin, and cardiometabolic index levels between the good prognosis group and the poor prognosis group, mean ± SD

Group	miR-495-3p	ADPN (μg/mL)	CMI
Good outcome (n = 61)	0.64 ± 0.11	11.98 ± 1.03	0.88 ± 0.10
Poor outcome (n = 37)	0.51 ± 0.16	13.78 ± 0.92	0.99 ± 0.14
t value	4.762	-8.724	-4.527
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

miR-495-3p: microRNA-495-3p; ADPN: Adiponectin; CMI: Cardiometabolic index.

Table 4 Univariate analysis affecting the prognosis of patients in the study group, mean ± SD

Group	Good outcome (n = 61)	Poor outcome (n = 37)	t value	P value
Age (years)	45.98 ± 5.78	45.74 ± 6.23	0.193	0.847
Gender (male/female)	26/35	16/21	0.004	0.952
Duration (years)	5.01 ± 1.03	5.27 ± 1.23	-1.125	0.263
BMI (kg/m2)	25.31 ± 1.39	25.57 ± 1.46	-1.220	0.226
Fasting insulin (mIU/L)	14.26 ± 1.56	14.55 ± 1.68	-0.867	0.388
FBG (mmol/L)	8.99 ± 1.56	8.91 ± 1.61	0.243	0.808
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)	9.95 ± 1.22	9.89 ± 0.81	0.265	0.791
Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L)	1.97 ± 0.61	3.77 ± 0.52	-14.948	< 0.001
High density lipoprotein (mmol/L)	1.36 ± 0.45	0.89 ± 0.21	5.963	< 0.001
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.39 ± 0.34	3.23 ± 0.56	-20.266	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.46 ± 1.78	8.78 ± 1.26	-12.918	< 0.001
Heart rate (beats/minute)	70.28 ± 8.13	71.55 ± 8.46	-0.738	0.462
24-hour systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	122.46 ± 21.05	152.12 ± 21.02	-8.061	0.000
24-hour diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	78.16 ± 3.79	78.68 ± 4.11	-0.638	0.525
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	30.55 ± 9.05	85.11 ± 8.46	-29.642	< 0.001
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	32.11 ± 8.12	76.15 ± 7.48	149.069	< 0.001
Urea nitrogen (mmol/L)	8.44 ± 1.78	16.66 ± 1.22	-32.857	< 0.001
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	87.26 ± 12.02	126.26 ± 9.64	-16.730	< 0.001

FBG: Fasting blood glucose; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 5 Multivariate analysis of factors affecting the prognosis of patients

Variables	B	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
						Lower limit	Upper limit
Alanine aminotransferase	5.377	1.330	16.341	0.000	216.393	15.959	234.134
Aspartate aminotransferase	10.403	4.175	6.208	0.013	42.088	9.201	179.584
Urea nitrogen	1.753	0.414	17.959	0.000	5.774	2.566	12.991
miR-495-3p	-7.256	1.934	14.071	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.031
ADPN	1.754	0.342	26.379	0.000	5.778	2.958	11.284
CMI	8.821	2.265	15.173	0.000	375.821	80.045	575.438
Creatinine	0.388	0.188	4.259	0.048	1.474	1.020	2.131

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; miR-495-3p: microRNA-495-3p; ADPN: Adiponectin; CMI: Cardiometabolic index.

Table 6 The predictive value of serum microRNA-495-3p, adiponectin, cardiometabolic index, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels for poor prognosis of patients

Variable	AUC	Cut-off value	95%CI		Sensitivity	Specificity	P value
			Lower limit	Upper limit
ADPN	0.902	12.675	0.837	0.967	0.919	0.770	< 0.001
CMI	0.757	0.965	0.650	0.863	0.622	0.869	< 0.001
miR-495-3p	0.762	0.525	0.657	0.867	0.622	0.885	< 0.001
Alanine aminotransferase	0.899	45.320	0.828	0.970	0.973	0.852	< 0.001
Aspartate aminotransferase	0.852	54.150	0.755	0.949	0.811	0.951	< 0.001
Urea nitrogen	0.916	13.990	0.842	0.990	0.946	0.951	< 0.001
Serum creatinine	0.910	45.380	0.847	0.973	0.919	0.902	< 0.001

AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval; miR-495-3p: microRNA-495-3p; ADPN: Adiponectin; CMI: Cardiometabolic index.