Predictive ability of lipid indices for large-for-gestational-age infants in pregnant females with gestational diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Maternal and neonatal characteristics

Characteristics	NGA (n = 4523)	LGA (n = 976)	P value
Maternal characteristics before pregnancy
Age, years	29.90 ± 3.41	30.08 ± 3.53	0.132
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2	21.80 ± 2.89	22.78 ± 3.25	< 0.001
< 18.5	407 (9.00)	48 (4.92)
18.5-23.9	3224 (71.28)	628 (64.34)
24.0-27.9	729 (16.12)	231 (23.67)
≥ 28	163 (3.60)	69 (7.07)
Gravidity			< 0.001
First pregnancy	2377 (52.55)	424 (43.44)
Multiple pregnancies	2146 (47.45)	552 (56.56)
Parity			< 0.001
Primiparous	3376 (74.64)	629 (64.45)
Multiparous	1147 (25.36)	347 (35.55)
Maternal characteristics at the time of the OGTT
Gestational weeks at the time of the OGTT, weeks	25.72 ± 0.85	25.71 ± 0.84	0.522
Weight, kg	63.01 ± 8.44	67.70 ± 9.51	< 0.001
GWG, kg	6.00 (4.00-7.80)	7.00 (5.00-9.00)	< 0.001
BMI, kg/m2	24.04 ± 2.95	25.42 ± 3.29	< 0.001
SBP, mm/Hg	111.94 ± 10.73	111.75 ± 10.70	0.617
DBP, mm/Hg	69.76 ± 8.00	69.61 ± 8.06	0.596
AC, cm	89.08 ± 6.41	92.12 ± 6.94	< 0.001
Neonatal characteristics
Gestational weeks at delivery, weeks	39.52 ± 0.94	39.53 ± 0.91	0.752
Infant weight, kg	3.31 ± 0.28	3.96 ± 0.26	< 0.001
Infant sex, male	2154 (47.62)	490 (50.20)	0.143
Characteristics during delivery
Cesarean section	1579 (34.91)	540 (55.33)	< 0.001
Separation of the mother and infant	3466 (76.63)	800 (81.97)	< 0.001

NGA: Normal for gestational age; LGA: Large for gestational age; BMI: Body mass index; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; GWG: Gestational weight gain; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; AC: Abdominal circumference.

Table 2 Comparison of biochemical characteristics at the time of the oral glucose tolerance test between the normal for gestational age and large for gestational age groups

Variables	NGA (n = 4523)	LGA (n = 976)	P value
Glucose indices
FPG, mmol/L	4.64 ± 0.29	4.68 ± 0.26	< 0.001
HbA1c, %	5.05 ± 0.24	5.11 ± 0.25	< 0.001
Lipid indices
TG, mmol/L	2.06 (1.65-2.61)	2.26 (1.82-2.89)	< 0.001
TC, mmol/L	6.01 ± 0.97	5.95 ± 1.00	0.112
HDL-C, mmol/L	2.34 ± 0.44	2.26 ± 0.43	< 0.001
LDL-C, mmol/L	3.01 ± 0.71	3.01 ± 0.74	0.916
TG/HDL-C ratio	0.90 (0.67-1.21)	1.00 (0.75-1.41)	< 0.001
TC/HDL-C ratio	2.62 ± 0.48	2.69 ± 0.48	< 0.001
TyG index	8.95 ± 0.36	9.05 ± 0.35	< 0.001
Liver enzymes
ALT, U/L	16.55 (13.95-16.76)	14.30 (10.60-21.10)	< 0.001
AST, U/L	17.80 (15.10-21.80)	16.70 (14.50-20.25)	< 0.001
ALT/AST ratio	0.94 (0.74-1.18)	0.86 (0.69-1.10)	< 0.001
ALP, U/L	58.30 ± 13.52	58.39 ± 13.81	0.865
LDH, U/L	165.06 ± 25.70	167.44 ± 30.45	0.011
GGT, U/L	13.10 (10.10-17.60)	12.50 (9.7017.10)	0.560
Thyroid function index
TSH, mIU/L	2.00 (1.46-2.72)	1.99 (1.37-2.77)	0.910
FT4, pmol/L	12.67 ± 1.76	12.20 ± 1.70	< 0.001
TPOAb, IU/mL	13.44 (9.73-18.34)	13.69 (9.78-18.66)	0.192
Other indices
Urea, mmol/L	3.01 ± 0.73	2.92 ± 0.72	<0.001
Cr, μmol/L	39.42 ± 6.25	39.05 ± 6.35	0.093
UA, μmol/L	229.98 ± 46.99	231.79 ± 50.77	0.282
TP, g/L	65.76 ± 3.31	65.44 ± 3.21	0.007
ALB, g/L	39.41 ± 2.29	39.09 ± 2.32	< 0.001
TBIL, μmol/L	5.67 ± 2.13	5.59 ± 2.08	0.287
DBIL, μmol/L	1.78 ± 0.65	1.75 ± 0.60	0.200
TBA, mmol/L	1.50 (1.00-2.20)	1.50 (1.10-2.20)	0.814

NGA: Normal for gestational age; LGA: Large for gestational age; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose index; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; FT4: Free tetraiodothyronine; TPOAb: Thyroid peroxidase antibody; Cr: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; TP: Total protein; ALB: Albumin; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; TBA: Total bile acid.