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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Diabetes. Nov 15, 2022; 13(11): 986-1000
Published online Nov 15, 2022. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i11.986
Published online Nov 15, 2022. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i11.986
Table 1 Univariate analysis of risk factors for diabetic retinopathy or proliferative diabetic retinopathy
| Variable | WDR group (n = 826) | DR group (n = 828) | NPDR group (n = 403) | PDR group (n = 425) | P value1 | P value2 |
| Age (yr) | 53.9 ± 10.3 | 54.9 ± 10.7 | 56.2 ± 10.9 | 53.6 ± 10.3 | 0.056 | < 0.001 |
| Sex (male/female) | 487/339 | 424/404 | 238/165 | 186/239 | 0.002 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (yr) | 6.9 ± 5.2 | 11.2 ± 6.8 | 10.9 ± 7.1 | 11.4 ± 6.4 | < 0.001 | 0.221 |
| Height (cm) | 165.2 ± 8.3 | 162.5 ± 8.3 | 164.2 ± 8.5 | 160.8 ± 7.8 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 68.1 ± 11.7 | 64.2 ± 11.3 | 65.7 ± 11.5 | 62.8 ± 10.9 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 3.3 | 24.3 ± 3.4 | 24.3 ± 3.3 | 24.2 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 | 0.880 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.8 ± 9.5 | 89.9 ± 10.0 | 90.2 ± 9.7 | 89.6 ± 10.3 | 0.060 | 0.399 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 97.6 ± 7.6 | 95.9 ± 7.4 | 96.4 ± 7.2 | 95.4 ± 7.6 | < 0.001 | 0.046 |
| WHR | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.284 | 0.092 |
| Standing SBP (mmHg) | 129.0 ± 16.9 | 136.4 ± 22.9 | 135.9 ± 22.6 | 136.9 ± 23.2 | < 0.001 | 0.517 |
| Standing DBP (mmHg) | 83.4 ± 11.6 | 83.8 ± 13.4 | 83.5 ± 13.0 | 84.0 ± 13.7 | 0.501 | 0.578 |
| Supine SBP (mmHg) | 130.1 ± 16.3 | 141.0 ± 21.3 | 139.4 ± 20.6 | 142.4 ± 22.0 | < 0.001 | 0.045 |
| Supine DBP (mmHg) | 82.6 ± 11.2 | 85.0 ± 12.3 | 83.9±12.0 | 86.1 ± 12.4 | < 0.001 | 0.012 |
| Glu0 (mmol/L) | 9.4 ± 3.3 | 9.9 ± 3.7 | 10.0 ± 3.7 | 9.8 ± 3.7 | 0.008 | 0.647 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.1 ± 2.5 | 9.8 ± 2.4 | 9.9 ± 2.5 | 9.7 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 | 0.402 |
| Chol (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 1.5 | 4.8 ± 1.5 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | 0.013 |
| Trig (mmol/L) | 2.8 ± 2.3 | 2.6 ± 2.4 | 2.6 ± 2.5 | 2.6 ± 2.4 | 0.033 | 0.856 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.057 | 0.095 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 0.101 | 0.004 |
| BUN (μmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.7 | 6.6 ± 2.8 | 6.4 ± 2.8 | 6.8 ± 2.8 | < 0.001 | 0.021 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 347.6 ± 103.4 | 359.4 ± 102.0 | 355.4 ± 106.4 | 363.2 ± 97.6 | 0.019 | 0.270 |
| Scr (μmol/L) | 69.8 ± 28.3 | 90.0 ± 61.8 | 86.0 ± 64.1 | 93.9 ± 59.4 | < 0.001 | 0.068 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 116.9 ± 37.3 | 98.3 ± 42.4 | 103.5 ± 40.9 | 93.3 ± 43.2 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
Table 2 Variable assignment
| Variable | Assignment |
| Sex | 0 = male |
| 1 = female | |
| Age | 0 = age < 60 years |
| 1 = age ≥ 60 years | |
| Diabetes duration | 0 = duration < 10 years |
| 1 = duration ≥ 10 years | |
| Blood pressure | 0 = normal (SBP < 140 mmHg and/or DBP < 90 mmHg) |
| 1 = abnormal (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg) | |
| BMI | 0 = normal (BMI < 24 kg/m2) |
| 1 = overweight (24 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2) | |
| 2 = obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) | |
| Waist circumference | 0 = normal (male < 90 cm, female < 85 cm) |
| 1 = increased (male ≥ 90 cm, female ≥ 85 cm) | |
| Glu0 | 0 = well controlled (Glu0 ≤ 7.0 mmol/L) |
| 1 = poorly controlled (Glu0 > 7.0 mmol/L) | |
| HbA1c | 0 = well controlled (HbA1c < 7%) |
| 1 = generally controlled (7% ≤ HbA1c < 8%) | |
| 2 = poorly controlled (HbA1c ≥ 8%) | |
| Blood lipids | 0 = normal |
| 1 = dyslipidemia (met any of the following criteria: TG ≥ 2.26 mmol/L; TC ≥ 6.26 mmol/L; LDL ≥ 4.14 mmol/L; HDL < 1.04 mmol/L) | |
| UA | 0 = normal |
| 1 = hyperuricemia (UA > 420 μmmol/L) | |
| CKD stage | 0 = G1 (eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min) |
| 1 = G2 (eGFR = 60-89 mL/min) | |
| 2 = G3 (eGFR = 30-59 mL/min) | |
| 3 = G4 (eGFR = 15-29 mL/min) | |
| 4 = G5 (eGFR < 15 mL/min) |
Table 3 “If-then” rules extracted from decision tree
| Rule | If | Then |
| R1 | Diabetes duration < 10 years, CKD stage = G1, standing SBP < 140 mmHg | Then: WDR |
| R2 | Diabetes duration < 10 years, CKD stage = G1, standing SBP ≥ 140 mmHg | Then: DR |
| R3 | Diabetes duration < 10 years, CKD stage = G2, BMI < 24 kg/m2 | Then: DR |
| R4 | Diabetes duration < 10 years, CKD stage = G2, BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 | Then: WDR |
| R5 | Diabetes duration < 10 years, CKD stage = G3/G4/G5 | Then: DR |
| R6 | Diabetes duration ≥ 10 years, supine SBP < 140 mmHg, CKD staging = G1/G5 | Then: WDR |
| R7 | Diabetes duration ≥ 10 years, supine SBP < 140 mmHg, CKD staging = G2/G3/G4 | Then: DR |
| R8 | Diabetes duration ≥ 10 years, supine SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, CKD staging = G1/G2 | Then: WDR |
| R9 | Diabetes duration ≥ 10 years, supine SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, CKD staging = G3/G4/G5 | Then: DR |
- Citation: Zhou YY, Zhou TC, Chen N, Zhou GZ, Zhou HJ, Li XD, Wang JR, Bai CF, Long R, Xiong YX, Yang Y. Risk factor analysis and clinical decision tree model construction for diabetic retinopathy in Western China. World J Diabetes 2022; 13(11): 986-1000
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v13/i11/986.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i11.986