Domino effect of hypomagnesemia on the innate immunity of Crohn’s disease patients

Table 2 Magnesium and inflammation

	Role	Ref.
NF-κB Pathway	Inhibition of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and stabilization of IκB protein	[29,39]
NMDA receptors, SP	Low magnesium enhances calcium influx through NMDA receptors	[12,38]
Neutrophilic oxidative stress	Increased levels of superoxide anions and nitric oxide in magnesium deficiency	[12]
Gut microbiota	Low magnesium changes the composition and intestinal permeability	[43]

NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; SP: Substance P; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid; IκB: Inhibitory kappa B.