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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Diabetes. Jul 15, 2017; 8(7): 337-345
Published online Jul 15, 2017. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i7.337
Figure 1
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Figure 1 Peptides and cytokines secretion (adipokines) of the adipose tissue. TNF: Tumor necrotic factor; IL: Interleukin.
Figure 2
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Figure 2 Insulin signaling leading to increase in adipocyte glucose uptake. PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase; Glut 4: Glucose transporter 4; Raf: Raf family of serine/threonine kinases; Ras: Superfamily of small GTPases; MEK: MAPK kinase; IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate 1.
Figure 3
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Figure 3 Adipsin and insulin secretion in beta cell. Adipsin potentiates insulin secretion through cleavage of CFB to form C3 that is hydrolyzed to form C3a. C3a activates C3AR1, which acts on B-cells of the pancreas to secret insulin. CFB: Complement factor B.
Figure 4
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Figure 4 Modulation of adipokines (peptides) by saponin. Saponin increases the expression of leptin, adiponectin, adipsin, visfatin but reduces the expression of apelin. PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase; AMPK: 5’AMP-activated protein kinase; STAT3: Signal tranducer and activator of transcription 3; JAK2: Janus kinase 2.