Association of serum oncostatin M with disease severity and mortality in community-acquired pneumonia with diabetes mellitus

Figure 1 Study flow chart. CAP: Community-acquired pneumonia; DM: Diabetes mellitus; AECOPD: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Figure 2 Serum oncostatin M levels among patients with diabetes mellitus-community-acquired pneumonia. A: Comparison between the severe community-acquired pneumonia and non-severe community-acquired pneumonia groups on admission; B: Paired comparison of serum oncostatin M levels on admission and on day 6. OSM: Oncostatin M; SCAP: Severe community-acquired pneumonia; NSCAP: Non-severe community-acquired pneumonia.

Figure 3 Oncostatin M levels between different confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥ 65 years and pneumonia severity index groups. A: Oncostatin M (OSM) levels in patients with low confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥ 65 years (CURB-65) scores (green circles) and high CURB-65 scores (red square); B: OSM levels in high-risk pneumonia severity index (PSI) group (cyan circles) and low-risk PSI group (purple diamond). OSM: Oncostatin M; CURB-65: Confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥ 65 years; PSI: Pneumonia severity index.

Figure 4 Correlation between oncostatin M levels and multiple clinical indicators in 87 patients with diabetes mellitus-community-acquired pneumonia. A: Confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥ 65 years score; B: Pneumonia severity index score; C: White blood cell; D: Neutrophil; E: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; F: Procalcitonin; G: Interleukin-6; H: Interleukin-8. OSM: Oncostatin M; CURB-65: Confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥ 65 years; PSI: Pneumonia severity index; WBC: White blood cell; NEU: Neutrophil; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PCT: Procalcitonin; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-8: Interleukin-8.

Figure 5 Statistically significant differences in oncostatin M levels were observed among survivors and non-survivors. OSM: Oncostatin M.

Figure 6 Graphical summary of serum oncostatin M as a potential biomarker for disease severity and prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus-associated community-acquired pneumonia. In a prospective community-acquired pneumonia cohort of 410 patients, serum oncostatin M (OSM) levels were higher in diabetes mellitus-associated community-acquired pneumonia (DM-CAP) patients and correlated with disease severity, systemic inflammation, and 1-year mortality risk. The addition of OSM to confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥ 65 years score improved prognostic performance, suggesting that OSM may complement conventional severity assessment and facilitate risk stratification in DM-CAP. CAP: Community-acquired pneumonia; DM: Diabetes mellitus; OSM: Oncostatin M; CURB-65: Confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥ 65 years; PSI: Pneumonia severity index; WBC: White blood cell; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PCT: Procalcitonin; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-8: Interleukin-8; AUC: Area under the curve.