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©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Aug 25, 2015; 6(10): 1158-1167
Published online Aug 25, 2015. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i10.1158
Published online Aug 25, 2015. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i10.1158
Vitamin paradox in obesity: Deficiency or excess?
Shi-Sheng Zhou, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning Province, China
Da Li, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
Na-Na Chen, Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Yiming Zhou, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
Author contributions: Zhou SS contributed to the conception and design of the study; Zhou SS, Li D, Chen NN and Zhou Y provided substantial contributions in drafting the article or making critical revisions related to important intellectual content of the manuscript; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 31140036.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors have no conflicts of interests to declare regarding this manuscript.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Shi-Sheng Zhou, MD, PhD, Professor, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Dalian University, No.10 Xuefu Avenue, Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116622, Liaoning Province, China. zhouss@ymail.com
Telephone: +86-411-87402740 Fax: +86-411-87402053
Received: May 23, 2015
Peer-review started: May 23, 2015
First decision: July 6, 2015
Revised: July 19, 2015
Accepted: July 29, 2015
Article in press: August 3, 2015
Published online: August 25, 2015
Peer-review started: May 23, 2015
First decision: July 6, 2015
Revised: July 19, 2015
Accepted: July 29, 2015
Article in press: August 3, 2015
Published online: August 25, 2015
Core Tip
Core tip: Obesity rates have dramatically increased among the United States population, including children, since the 1980s. Considering the lag time between risk exposure and the development of child obesity, the risk must have been imposed on the whole United States population around the late 1970s. Although evidence suggests that the risk is high vitamin intake due to the update of vitamin fortification in 1974 and the implementation of the Infant Formula Act of 1980, why do obese individuals paradoxically show low levels of fasting serum vitamins? In this paper, we try to give an answer to this question based on the current understanding of vitamin homeostasis.