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World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2014; 5(5): 606-629
Published online Oct 15, 2014. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i5.606
Published online Oct 15, 2014. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i5.606
Counterregulation of insulin by leptin as key component of autonomic regulation of body weight
Katarina T Borer, School of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
Author contributions: Borer KT solely contributed to this paper.
Correspondence to: Katarina T Borer, PhD, Professor, School of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States. katarina@umich.edu
Telephone: +1-734-6472703 Fax: +1-734-9361925
Received: December 7, 2013
Revised: May 15, 2014
Accepted: May 31, 2014
Published online: October 15, 2014
Revised: May 15, 2014
Accepted: May 31, 2014
Published online: October 15, 2014
Core Tip
Core tip: The novel proposal for the mechanism of body weight regulation deals with all three components of body mass: bone, lean tissue, and fat depots. It attributes the central control of counterbalancing energy expenditure and intake to an autonomic nervous system-circadian clock command center that encompases brain reward substrates, lateral hypothalamic peptidergic circuits and areas of the cortex. The nonhomeostatic character of feeding and locomotion is driven and controlled by the reward circuits and modulated by shifts in insulin sensitivity induced by counterregulation by leptin of insulin as weight deviates between underweight and overweight and alters basal leptin concentrations.