Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2025; 16(6): 105080
Published online Jun 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i6.105080
Long-term risk of diabetes following hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A retrospective cohort study
Yu-Hsiang Shih, Chiao-Yu Yang, Chia-Chi Lung
Yu-Hsiang Shih, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 40705, Taiwan
Yu-Hsiang Shih, Chiao-Yu Yang, Chia-Chi Lung, Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
Chiao-Yu Yang, Department of Occupational Health Nursing Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
Chia-Chi Lung, Department of Health Policy and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
Chia-Chi Lung, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
Author contributions: Shih YH and Lung CC designed the study; Shih YH performed the data acquisition and analysis; Shih YH and Yang CY performed the data interpretation. All authors contributed to drafting the manuscript and approved the submitted version.
Supported by Chung Shan Medical University, No. CSMU-INT-113-14.
Institutional review board statement: Ethical considerations were thoroughly addressed, including obtaining an informed consent waiver due to the anonymous nature of the data. The study complied with regulatory guidelines such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the General Data Protection Regulation. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Taichung Veterans General Hospital (CE24431B).
Informed consent statement: This study was conducted using de-identified data from the TriNetX United States Collaborative Network. As all data were anonymized and complied with HIPAA regulations, informed consent was not required.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: The de-identified data in the TriNetX federated network database can only be accessed by researchers who are either part of the network or have a collaboration agreement with TriNetX. We utilized data from the TriNetX database under a no-cost collaboration agreement between Taichung Veterans General Hospital and TriNetX. Under this agreement, we accessed de-identified data in accordance with the agreements and institutional approvals already in place between TriNetX and their partner institutions. The data utilized in this study can be obtained from TriNetX by future researchers who establish a collaboration with TriNetX.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Chia-Chi Lung, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City 40201, Taiwan. dinoljc@csmu.edu.tw
Received: January 11, 2025
Revised: March 27, 2025
Accepted: May 22, 2025
Published online: June 15, 2025
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Core Tip

Core Tip: This study highlighted the increased risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), prediabetes, and mortality in females with a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). These risks were further amplified in cases of persistent postpartum hypertension. Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia were associated with elevated risks, particularly for mortality and T2DM. Preventative aspirin use during pregnancy did not appear to mitigate these long-term risks. Our findings underscored the importance of enhanced monitoring and preventive strategies for females who experienced PIH and especially in those who had persistent hypertension during the postpartum period.