Role of interleukins in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma: A literature review

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v17.i7.107341

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastrointest Oncol. Jul 15, 2025; 17(7): 107341
Published online Jul 15, 2025. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i7.107341

Role of interleukins in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma: A literature review

Saira Rafaqat, Hafsa Hamid, Roha Asif, Muhammad Asif, Maria Tariq, Malaika Saleem, Hijab Abaid

Saira Rafaqat, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan

Hafsa Hamid, Roha Asif, Malaika Saleem, Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan

Muhammad Asif, Maria Tariq, Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan

Hijab Abaid, School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan

Author contributions: Rafaqat S, Asif M, and Tariq M carried out the study design and data collection; Hamid H, Asif R, Saleem M, and Abaid H wrote the manuscript; Rafaqat S edited the manuscript; All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflict-of-interest statement: There are no conflicts of interest associated with the senior author or other coauthors.

Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Corresponding author: Saira Rafaqat, PhD, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Jail Rd, Near Wapda Flats, Lahore 54000, Pakistan. saera.rafaqat@gmail.com

Received: March 21, 2025
Revised: April 27, 2025
Accepted: June 6, 2025
Published online: July 15, 2025
Processing time: 115 Days and 14.3 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: Interleukins (IL) contribute to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) pathogenesis by promoting chronic inflammation, enhancing tumor cell survival, proliferation, and invasion, and shaping a tumor microenvironment that supports cancer growth and metastasis. ILs, which are a group of cytokines, play a crucial role in mediating the immune response and inflammation. This article concluded that IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, IL-25, IL-33, and IL-35 play significant roles in the pathogenesis of CCA. Further research is required to find the association of other ILs such as IL-2, IL-3, IL-5, IL-7, IL-11, and more in the pathogenesis of CCA.