Rafaqat S, Noshair I, Shahid M, Bibi S, Hafeez R, Hamid H. Correlation between prognostic markers and clinical parameters in hepatocellular carcinoma: Pathophysiological aspects to therapeutic targets. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2025; 17(5): 106278 [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i5.106278]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Saira Rafaqat, PhD, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Jail Rd, Near Wapda Flats, Lahore 54000, Pakistan. saera.rafaqat@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Editorial
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Saira Rafaqat, Iqra Noshair, Ramsha Hafeez, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Momina Shahid, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal 54000, Pakistan
Sadaf Bibi, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Hafsa Hamid, Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Author contributions: Bibi S, Noshair I and Hafeez R carried out the study design and data collection; Rafaqat S, Hamid H, and Shahid M wrote the manuscript; Rafaqat S contributed to the editing services of the manuscript; All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Saira Rafaqat, PhD, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Jail Rd, Near Wapda Flats, Lahore 54000, Pakistan. saera.rafaqat@gmail.com
Received: February 21, 2025 Revised: March 8, 2025 Accepted: March 17, 2025 Published online: May 15, 2025 Processing time: 83 Days and 15.4 Hours
Abstract
One of the main causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality globally is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). At every stage of the disease, HCC may now be treated using a variety of therapy techniques. Nevertheless, despite the abundance of effective therapeutic choices, the prognosis for patients with HCC is still typically dismal. Prognostic indicators are crucial when assessing prognosis and tracking tumor metastases or recurrence. There are many prognostic markers in HCC. We mainly focused on newly reported prognostic markers such as MEX3A, apolipoprotein B, alpha-fetoprotein, circulating tumor cells, SAMD13, Agrin, and Glypican-3 in the pathogenesis of HCC. Further, we highlighted how these prognostic markers correlated to clinical parameters such as tumor node metastasis, tumor diameter, differentiation, hepatocirrhosis, vascular invasion, and others in HCC. Therefore, identifying specific prognostic biomarkers of HCC helps to provide a great opportunity to improve the prognosis in patients with HCC and provide therapeutic targets.
Core Tip: One of the main causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality globally is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). When assessing prognosis and tracking tumor metastases or recurrence, prognostic indicators are crucial. There are many prognostic markers in HCC. We mainly focused on newly reported prognostic markers in the pathogenesis of HCC. Further, we highlighted how these prognostic markers correlated to clinical parameters such as tumor node metastasis, tumor diameter, differentiation, hepatocirrhosis, vascular invasion, and others in HCC. Therefore, the identification of specific prognostic biomarkers of HCC helps to provide a great opportunity to improve the prognosis in patients with HCC and provide therapeutic targets.
