Dietary factors can protect against liver cancer development

Table 1 Main characteristics of studies on dietary factors and hepatocellular carcinoma risk

Conclusions	Study details	Location	Ref.
Inverse association of vegetable and fruit intake with HCC and upper digestive cancers risk	Study design: Case-control Cases: 285 Controls: 6147 Duration: 1983-1990 Intake: Vegetables and fruit	Italy	Negri et al[14], 1991
No association between meat and vegetable intake and HCC risk	Study design: Case-control Cases: 97 Controls: 128 Duration: 1995-1998 Intake: Total meat, fruit and vegetables	Greece	Kuper et al[44], 2000
Association of red meat intake and HCC risk NAT2 gene polymorphisms play a role in the effect of meat in HCC development	Study design: Case-control Cases: 185 Controls: 185 Duration: 1999-2001 Intake: Red and white meat, vegetables and fruits	China	Huang et al[23], 2003
Inverse association of white meat, coffee and vegetables with HCC mortality Association of egg intake with HCC mortality	Study design: Cohort Cases: 401 Controls: 110688 Duration: 1988-1999 Intake: Fish, red meat, processed meat, chicken, vegetables	Japan	Kurozawa et al[17], 2004
Inverse association of white meat, milk, yogurt, eggs, and fruits with HCC risk	Study design: Population based case-control Cases: 185 Controls: 412 Duration: 1999-2002 Intake: Milk, yogurt, white meats, eggs, fruits, vegetables	Italy	Talamini et al[10], 2006
Association of red and processed meat intake with HCC risk	Study design: Case-control Cases: 403 Controls: 567169 Duration: 1995-2006 Type of meat: Processed meat	United States	Cross et al[25], 2007
Association of dietary iron intake and HCC risk Inverse association of linoleic acid (white meat) intake and HCC risk	Study design: Case-control Cases: 185 Controls: 412 Duration: 1999-2002 Intake: Total meat	Italy	Polesel et al[27], 2007
Association of red meat and saturated fat intake with CLD and HCC risk Inverse association of white meat with HCC and CLD risk	Study design: Case-control Cases: 338 Controls: 495006 Duration: 1995-2006 Intake: White and red meat	United States	Freedman et al[4], 2010
Inverse association of fish or n-3 PUFAs intake and HCC risk	Study design: Cohort Cases: 398 Controls: 90296 Duration: 1990-2008 Intake: Fish	Japan	Sawada et al[9], 2012
Inverse association of vegetables intake and HCC risk	Study design: Case control Cases: 267 Controls: 132837 Duration: 1997-2006 Intake: Meat	China	Zhang et al[41], 2013
Inverse association of fish intake and HCC risk HCC risk decreases by 16% for 20 g/d substitution of fish with meat	Study design: Cohort Cases: 157 Controls: 35628 Duration: 1992-2000 Intake: Dietary flavonoids	World-wide	Zamora-Ros et al[46], 2013
Inverse association of fish intake and HCC risk No association of meat and poultry intake and HCC development	Study design: Cohort Cases: 191 Controls: 477206 Duration: 1992-2010 Intake: Total meat, fish, red and white meat	Europe	Fedirko et al[7], 2013
HCC risk decreases by 8% for every 100 g/d increase in vegetable intake	Study design: Meta-analysis Cases: 3912 Controls: 1290045 Duration: 1956-2014 Intake: Vegetables and fruits	World-wide	Yang et al[43], 2014

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; CLD: Chronic liver disease.