Gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics

Figure 1 Gut microbiota metabolites in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression. Figure created with BioRender.com. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TLR: Toll-like receptor; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; Th17: T helper type 17 cell; SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; IAA: Indole-3-acetic acid; IPA: Indole-3-propionic acid; K. pneumoniae: Klebsiella pneumoniae; E. coli: Escherichia coli; TMA: Trimethylamine; TMAO: Trimethylamine N-oxide; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.

Figure 2 Microbiota-targeted therapies for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment. Figure created with BioRender.com. IL-6: Interleukin-6; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids.