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World J Hepatol. Nov 8, 2017; 9(31): 1197-1204
Published online Nov 8, 2017. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i31.1197
Hepatic hydrothorax: An update and review of the literature
Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko, Nikolay Olegovich Arefyev
Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko, Nikolay Olegovich Arefyev, Department of Faculty Surgery, South Ural State Medical University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
Author contributions: Garbuzenko DV contributed to the conception and design, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article and final approval of the version; all authors wrote this manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There is no conflict of interest associated with any of the senior author or other coauthors contributed their efforts in this manuscript.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Faculty Surgery, South Ural State Medical University, PO Box 12317, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia. garb@inbox.ru
Telephone: +7-909-7459826 Fax: +7-351-2687772
Received: August 26, 2017
Peer-review started: August 27, 2017
First decision: September 15, 2017
Revised: September 17, 2017
Accepted: October 15, 2017
Article in press: October 15, 2017
Published online: November 8, 2017
Processing time: 66 Days and 16 Hours
Abstract

This review considers the modern concepts of pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatment principles of hepatic hydrothorax (HH). HH is the excessive (> 500 mL) accumulation of transudate in the pleural cavity in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis but without cardiopulmonary and pleural diseases. It causes respiratory failure which aggravates the clinical course of liver cirrhosis, and the emergence of spontaneous bacterial pleural empyema may be the cause of death. The information was collected from the PubMed database, the Google Scholar retrieval system, the Cochrane reviews, and the reference lists from relevant publications for 1994-2016 using the keywords: “liver cirrhosis”, “portal hypertension”, “hepatic hydrothorax”, “pathogenesis”, “diagnostics”, and “treatment”. To limit the scope of this review, only articles dealing with uncomplicated hydrothorax in patients with liver cirrhosis were included. The analysis of the data showed that despite the progress of modern hepatology, the presence of HH is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. Most patients suffering from it are candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation. In routine clinical practice, stratification of the risk for an adverse outcome and the subsequent determination of individual therapeutic strategies may be the keys to the successful management of the patient’s condition. The development of pathogenetic pharmacotherapy and optimization of minimally invasive treatment will improve the quality of life and increase the survival rate among patients with HH.

Keywords: Liver cirrhosis; Portal hypertension; Hepatic hydrothorax; Diagnostics; Treatment

Core tip: This review considers the modern concepts of pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatment principles of hepatic hydrothorax (HH). The analysis of the data showed that despite the progress of modern hepatology, the presence of HH is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. Most patients suffering from it are candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation. In routine clinical practice, stratification of the risk for an adverse outcome and the subsequent determination of individual therapeutic strategies may be the keys to the successful management of the patient’s condition. The development of pathogenetic pharmacotherapy and minimally invasive treatment will improve the quality of life and increase the survival rate among patients with HH.