Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Hepatol. Jul 27, 2022; 14(7): 1408-1420
Published online Jul 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i7.1408
Differential distribution of gene polymorphisms associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypoalphalipoproteinemia among Native American and Mestizo Mexicans
Rafael Torres-Valadez, Sonia Roman, Claudia Ojeda-Granados, Karina Gonzalez-Aldaco, Arturo Panduro
Rafael Torres-Valadez, Sonia Roman, Claudia Ojeda-Granados, Karina Gonzalez-Aldaco, Arturo Panduro, Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde/Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44280, Mexico
Rafael Torres-Valadez, Unidad Especializada en Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Medicina Genómica Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Unidad Académica de Salud Integral, Tepic, Nayarit 63173, Mexico
Author contributions: Panduro A conceived and designed the study; Torres-Valadez R, Ojeda-Granados C and Gonzalez-Aldaco K carried out experimentation, and data collection; Panduro A, Torres-Valadez R, Roman S, Ojeda-Granados C, Gonzalez-Aldaco K did analyses and interpretation of data; Torres-Valadez R drafted the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
Informed consent statement: All patients signed a written informed consent before enrollment, and anonymized data was employed to continue the statistical analysis.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.
Data sharing statement: The dataset is available from the corresponding author at apanduro@prodigy.net.mx.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Arturo Panduro, FAASLD, MD, PhD, Research Scientist, Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde/Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Hospital # 278 Col. El Retiro, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44280, Mexico. apanduro@prodigy.net.mx
Received: January 21, 2022
Peer-review started: January 21, 2022
First decision: June 7, 2022
Revised: June 20, 2022
Accepted: July 6, 2022
Article in press: July 6, 2022
Published online: July 27, 2022
Processing time: 187 Days and 12.3 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

Dyslipidemias are metabolic abnormalities associated with chronic diseases caused by genetic and environmental factors. The Mexican population displays regional differences according to ethnicity with an impact on the type of dyslipidemia.

AIM

To define the main dyslipidemias, the frequency of lipid-related risk alleles, and their association with hyperlipidemic states among different ethnic groups in West Mexico.

METHODS

In a retrospective study, 1324 adults were selected to compare dyslipidemias and lipid-related gene polymorphisms. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. A subgroup of 196 normal weight subjects without impaired glucose was selected for the association analyses. Genotyping was determined by allelic discrimination assay.

RESULTS

Hypercholesterolemia was the most prevalent dyslipidemia (42.3%). The frequency of the risk alleles associated with hypoalphalipoproteinemia (ABCA1) and hypercholesterolemia (APOE, LDLR) was higher in the Native Americans (P = 0.047). In contrast, the Mestizos with European ancestry showed a higher frequency of the risk alleles for hypertriglyceridemia (APOE2, MTTP) (P = 0.045). In normal weight Mestizo subjects, the APOB TT and LDLR GG genotypes were associated risk factors for hypercholesterolemia (OR = 5.33, 95%CI: 1.537-18.502, P = 0.008 and OR = 3.90, 95%CI: 1.042-14.583, P = 0.043, respectively), and displayed an increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (APOB: β = 40.39, 95%CI: 14.415-66.366, P = 0.004; LDLR: β = 20.77, 95%CI: 5.763-35.784, P = 0.007).

CONCLUSION

Gene polymorphisms and dyslipidemias showed a differential distribution. Regional primary health care strategies are required to mitigate their prevalence considering the genetic and environmental features which could have important implications for personalized medicine within the new era of precision medicine.

Keywords: Dyslipidemia; Ethnicity; Genes; Obesity; Lipids; Liver disease; Diet

Core Tip: Dyslipidemia is a metabolic alteration caused by gene-environmental interactions influenced by ethnicity. Genetic polymorphisms can modify the frequency and outcome of the hyperlipidemic state. Our results showed a differential distribution of gene polymorphisms associated with hypercholesterolemia (APOE4, LDLR), hypertriglyceridemia (APOE2, MTTP), and hypoalphalipoproteinemia (ABCA1) among Native Americans and Mestizo Mexicans of West Mexico. Hypercholesterolemia was the predominant dyslipidemia. In normal weight subjects, the APOB TT and LDLR GG genotypes increased the risk for hypercholesterolemia in the context of the Mestizo ethnicity. Regional personalized-medicine prevention strategies based on the host's genetic and environmental factors are required to decrease the prevalence of dyslipidemias.