Nassar M, Nso N, Medina L, Ghernautan V, Novikov A, El-Ijla A, Soliman KM, Kim Y, Alfishawy M, Rizzo V, Daoud A. Liver kidney crosstalk: Hepatorenal syndrome. World J Hepatol 2021; 13(9): 1058-1068 [PMID: 34630874 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i9.1058]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Ahmed Daoud, MD, PhD, Doctor, Lecturer, Staff Physician, Department of Medicine, Kasr Alainy Medical School, Cairo University, Kasr Alainy Street, Cairo 11211, Egypt. ahmed.daoud84@yahoo.com
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Minireviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Hepatol. Sep 27, 2021; 13(9): 1058-1068 Published online Sep 27, 2021. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i9.1058
Liver kidney crosstalk: Hepatorenal syndrome
Mahmoud Nassar, Nso Nso, Luis Medina, Victoria Ghernautan, Anastasia Novikov, Alli El-Ijla, Karim M Soliman, Yungmin Kim, Mostafa Alfishawy, Vincent Rizzo, Ahmed Daoud
Mahmoud Nassar, Nso Nso, Luis Medina, Victoria Ghernautan, Anastasia Novikov, Alli El-Ijla, Yungmin Kim, Vincent Rizzo, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai / NYC Health + Hospitals / Queens, New York, NY 11432, United States
Karim M Soliman, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
Mostafa Alfishawy, Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Consultants and Academic Researchers of Egypt IDCARE, Cairo 11562, Egypt
Ahmed Daoud, Department of Medicine, Kasr Alainy Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo 11211, Egypt
Author contributions: Nassar M, Nso N, Medina L, Ghernautan V, Novikov A, El-Ijla A, Soliman KM, Kim Y, and Alfishawy M participated in writing the manuscript; Rizzo V and Daoud A reviewed the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors confirm the absence of personal and financial interests impacting the outcomes of this research study.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Ahmed Daoud, MD, PhD, Doctor, Lecturer, Staff Physician, Department of Medicine, Kasr Alainy Medical School, Cairo University, Kasr Alainy Street, Cairo 11211, Egypt. ahmed.daoud84@yahoo.com
Received: February 28, 2021 Peer-review started: February 28, 2021 First decision: May 2, 2021 Revised: May 12, 2021 Accepted: July 30, 2021 Article in press: July 30, 2021 Published online: September 27, 2021
Abstract
The dying liver causes the suffocation of the kidneys, which is a simplified way of describing the pathophysiology of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). HRS is characterized by reversible functional renal impairment due to reduced blood supply and glomerular filtration rate, secondary to increased vasodilators. Over the years, HRS has gained much attention and focus among hepatologists and nephrologists. HRS is a diagnosis of exclusion, and in some cases, it carries a poor prognosis. Different classifications have emerged to better understand, diagnose, and promptly treat this condition. This targeted review aims to provide substantial insight into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of HRS, shed light on the various milestones of this condition, and add to our current understanding.
Core Tip: The dying liver causes the suffocation of the kidneys, a simplified way of describing the pathophysiology of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). This targeted review aims to provide substantial insight into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of HRS, shed the light on the various milestones of this condition, and add to our current understanding.
