Menarim BC, MacLeod JN, Dahlgren LA. Bone marrow mononuclear cells for joint therapy: The role of macrophages in inflammation resolution and tissue repair. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13(7): 825-840 [PMID: 34367479 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.825]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Bruno C Menarim, DVM, MSc, PhD, Senior Postdoctoral Fellow, Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville, Lexington, KY 40546, United States. bruno.menarim@uky.edu
Research Domain of This Article
Orthopedics
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Stem Cells. Jul 26, 2021; 13(7): 825-840 Published online Jul 26, 2021. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.825
Bone marrow mononuclear cells for joint therapy: The role of macrophages in inflammation resolution and tissue repair
Bruno C Menarim, James N MacLeod, Linda A Dahlgren
Bruno C Menarim, James N MacLeod, Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
Linda A Dahlgren, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States
Author contributions: Menarim BC collected the data and developed the main conceptual ideas; MacLeod JN and Dahlgren LA contributed with additional conceptual ideas; all authors contributed to the writing, edition and revision of the manuscript, and approved the final version.
Conflict-of-interest statement: We have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Bruno C Menarim, DVM, MSc, PhD, Senior Postdoctoral Fellow, Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville, Lexington, KY 40546, United States. bruno.menarim@uky.edu
Received: February 21, 2021 Peer-review started: February 21, 2021 First decision: April 20, 2021 Revised: May 3, 2021 Accepted: June 22, 2021 Article in press: June 22, 2021 Published online: July 26, 2021
Core Tip
Core Tip: Synovial macrophages are essential for joint integrity. Following injury, macrophages incite inflammation recruiting more macrophages from the bone marrow to counteract damage and promote tissue repair. Synovial macrophages are further essential to resolve inflammation recovering joint homeostasis. However, sustained damage frequently overwhelms pro-resolving functions of synovial macrophages, leading to chronic inflammation and degeneration. This review summarizes the dual role of macrophages in the maintenance of joint homeostasis and the emergent therapeutic use of macrophage progenitors isolated from the bone marrow to promote endogenous resolution of joint inflammation and recovery of homeostasis, while preserving physiological mechanisms negatively affected by anti-inflammatories.
