In vivo recognition of bioactive substances of Polygonum multiflorum for protecting mitochondria against metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Table 1 Effects of Polygonum multiflorum extract on body weight, food intake, and organ indices of high-fat diet-fed rats

	NC	MOD	RES	LPM	MPM	HPM
Initial body weight (g)	263.67 ± 23.43	263.83 ± 28.54	261.50 ± 16.99	275.83 ± 6.05	268.83 ± 12.42	246.00 ± 15.09
Final body weight (g)	458.67 ± 46.43	470.17 ± 89.14	424.67 ± 25.97	454.67 ± 16.98	479.83 ± 33.88	432.83 ± 47.94
Body weight gain (g)	195.00 ± 23.00	206.33 ± 60.60	163.17 ± 8.98	178.83 ± 10.93	211.00 ± 21.46	186.83 ± 32.86
Food intake (g)	15852.54	14023.10	14265.09	13828.25	13081.76	13645.74
Liver index (%)	2.15 ± 0.09b	2.64 ± 0.22	2.32 ± 0.12a	2.55 ± 0.11	2.49 ± 0.16	2.49 ± 0.20
Kidney index (%)	0.52 ± 0.02	0.54 ± 0.07	0.52 ± 0.02	0.50 ± 0.02	0.49 ± 0.03	0.54 ± 0.04
Spleen index (%)	0.1589 ± 0.01	0.1618 ± 0.02	0.1432 ± 0.01	0.1267 ± 0.01b	0.1427 ± 0.01	0.1345 ± 0.01a

^aP < 0.01 vs model group.

^bP < 0.001 vs model group.

Values represent the mean ± SD from six animals. HPM: High-dose Polygonum multiflorum extract; LPM: Low dose Polygonum multiflorum extract; MOD: Model; MPM: Middle-dose Polygonum multiflorum extract; NC: Normal control; RES: Resveratrol.

Table 2 Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data and chemical structure assignment of Polygonum multiflorum-derived monomers from liver mitochondria

No	TR (min)	(M-H)- (m/z)	Molecular formula	Predicted (m/z)	Measured (m/z)	Diff (ppm)	ESI-MSn(-), m/z (abundance)	Assigned identification	Ref.
1	18.87	269.0454	C15H10O5	269.0450	269.0454	3.457	269.04541 (100.00), 241.05089 (2.18), 225.14899 (1.98)	Aloe-emodin1	[12-14]
2	15.90	431.0981	C21H20O10	431.0978	431.0981	2.011	431.109811 (34.23), 311.05627 (4.32), 269.04553 (100.00), 240.04503 (0.69)	Emodin-8-O-glucoside1	[14-16]
3	33.91	269.0457	C15H10O5	269.0450	269.0457	4.461	269.04553 (100), 241.05331 (0.18), 225.05482 (1.37)	Emodin1	[15-19]
4	18.80	445.0778	C21H18O11	445.0771	445.0778	2.881	269.04553 (100.00), 225.05527 (0.19)	Emodin-glucuronide	[17]
5	9.06	405.1190	C20H22O9	405.1186	405.1190	2.422	243.06613 (62.27)	2,3,5,4’-Tetrahydroxy stilbene-1	[17]
6	13.17	433.1136	C21H22O10	433.1135	433.1136	1.539	257.08191 (100.00), 175.02435 (8.79), 152.99582 (3.58), 113.02423 (59.47)	Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside reduction metabolite	[17]
7	13.46	245.0820	C14H14O4	245.0814	245.0820	4.834	245.08208 (87.57), 230.05850 (9.07)	Torachrysone1	[17]
8	15.15	421.1142	C20H22O10	421.1135	421.1142	3.032	245.08179 (76.39), 230.05852 (4.02)	Torachrysone-glucuronide	[17]

¹Compared with reference substances.

Table 3 Effects of the Polygonum multiflorum-derived monomer group in liver mitochondria extract on body weight, food intake, and organ indices of rats

	NC	MOD	RES	LMG	HMG
Initial body weight (g)	20.03 ± 0.54	20.38 ± 0.32	20.40 ± 0.59	19.83 ± 0.92	20.33 ± 1.00
Final body weight (g)	22.90 ± 0.56b	25.68 ± 1.12	24.22 ± 1.29	25.20 ± 1.74	24.37 ± 1.50
Body weight gain (g)	2.87 ± 0.02	5.30 ± 0.79	3.82 ± 0.70	5.37 ± 0.82	4.03 ± 0.50
Food intake (g)	2274.20	2268.50	2655.80	2473.30	2290.60
Liver index (%)	3.52 ± 0.05c	4.24 ± 0.10	3.17 ± 0.11c	3.16 ± 0.11c	3.50 ± 0.21c
Kidney index (%)	1.00 ± 0.57c	1.20 ± 0.05	1.11 ± 0.08	1.15 ± 0.08	1.15 ± 0.08
Spleen index (%)	0.21 ± 0.03	0.31 ± 0.06	0.31 ± 0.04	0.30 ± 0.06	0.48 ± 0.22a

^aP < 0.05 vs model group.

^bP < 0.01 vs model group.

^cP < 0.001 vs model group.

Values represent the mean ± SD from six animals. HMG: High-dose Polygonum multiflorum-derived monomer group; LMG: Low-dose Polygonum multiflorum-derived monomer group; MOD: Model; NC: Normal control; RES: Resveratrol.