Prevalence and risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus in Taiwan

doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i25.3231

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

World J Gastroenterol. Jul 7, 2019; 25(25): 3231-3241
Published online Jul 7, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i25.3231

Table 1 Demographic data and endoscopic features of study groups, n (%)

Characteristics	Barrett's esophagus		P value
Characteristics	Yes (n = 89)	No (n = 3296)	P value
Age (yr) (mean ± SD)	55.63 ± 10.49	51.18 ± 11.43	< 0.001^a
Male gender	73 (82)	1859 (56.4)	< 0.001^a
Smoking	23 (25.8)	576 (17.5)	0.041^a
Consumption of alcohol	43 (48.3)	1080 (32.8)	0.002^a
Consumption of betel nuts	5 (5.6)	52 (1.6)	0.016^a
Ingestion of coffee	23 (25.8)	658 (20)	0.172
Ingestion of tea	26 (29.2)	624 (18.9)	0.015^a
Presence of hypertension	31 (34.8)	619 (18.8)	< 0.001^a
Presence of cardiovascular disease	33 (37.1)	742 (22.5)	0.001^a
Presence of pulmonary disease	3 (3.4)	100 (3.0)	0.752
Presence of diabetes	8 (9)	224 (6.8)	0.419
Reflux symptoms	3 (3.4)	163 (4.9)	0.801
Waist			< 0.001^a
Normal (< 90 cm for male, < 80 cm for female)	52 (58.4)	2566 (77.9)
Obese (≥ 90 cm for male, ≥ 80 cm for female)	37 (41.6)	730 (22.1)
Body fat percentage			0.072
Normal (< 25 cm for male, < 30 cm for female)	50 (56.8)	2163 (66)
Obese (≥ 25 cm for male, ≥ 30 cm for female)	38 (43.2)	1113 (34)
Body mass index			0.002^a
Normal (BMI < 24)	33 (37.1)	1818 (55.2)
Overweight (24 ≤ BMI < 27)	34 (38.2)	960 (29.1)
Obese (27 ≤ BMI)	22 (24.7)	518 (15.7)
H. pylori infection	14 (15.7)	603 (18.3)	0.536
Endoscopic findings
Reflux esophagitis	31 (34.8)	608 (18.4)	< 0.001^a
Hiatal hernia	71 (79.8)	1739 (52.8)	< 0.001^a
Gastritis	68 (76.4)	2263 (68.7)	0.119
Gastric ulcer	45 (50.6)	1345 (40.8)	0.065
Duodenal ulcer	5 (5.6)	218 (6.6)	0.709
Gastric and duodenal ulcer	47 (52.8)	1421 (43.1)	0.069
Inlet patch	8 (9)	167 (5.1)	0.137

^aP < 0.05. BMI: Body mass index; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2 Multivariate analysis of risk factors predicting Barrett's esophagus

Clinical factor	Coefficient	Standard error	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Age	0.033	0.011	1.033 (1.012-1.055)	0.002
Male gender	0.745	0.311	2.106 (1.145-3.872)	0.017
Tea consumption	0.528	0.248	1.695 (1.043-2.754)	0.033
Hiatal hernia	1.111	0.277	3.037 (1.765-5.225)	< 0.001

CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Univariate analysis of risk factors in relation to presence of intestinal metaplasia in the subjects with columnar lined epithelium of the esophagus, n (%)

Characteristics	ESEM		P value
Characteristics	With specialized IM (BE) (n = 89)	No specialized IM (n = 334)	P value
Age (yr) (mean ± SD)	55.63 ± 10.49	51.36 ± 11.27	0.001^a
Male gender	73 (82)	226 (67.6)	0.008^a
Smoking	23 (25.8)	66 (19.8)	0.211
Consumption of alcohol	43 (48.3)	124 (37.1)	0.055
Consumption of betel nuts	5 (5.6)	6 (1.8)	0.059
Ingestion of coffee	23 (25.8)	90 (26.9)	0.834
Ingestion of tea	26 (29.2)	90 (26.9)	0.67
Presence of hypertension	31 (34.8)	72 (21.6)	0.010^a
Presence of cardiovascular disease	33 (37.1)	80 (24)	0.013^a
Presence of pulmonary disease	3 (3.4)	10 (3.0)	0.741
Presence of diabetes	8 (9)	26 (7.8)	0.710
Reflux symptoms	3 (3.4)	20 (6.0)	0.437
Waist			0.007^a
Normal (< 90 cm for male, < 80 cm for female)	52 (58.4)	244 (73.1)
Obese (≥ 90 cm for male, ≥ 80 cm for female)	37 (41.6)	90 (26.9)
Body fat percentage			0.275
Normal (< 25 cm for male, < 30 cm for female)	50 (56.8)	211 (63.2)
Obese (≥ 25 cm for male, ≥ 30 cm for female)	38 (43.2)	123 (36.8)
Body mass index			0.121
Normal (BMI < 24)	33 (37.1)	157 (47)
Overweight (24 ≤ BMI < 27)	34 (38.2)	122 (36.5)
Obese (27 ≤ BMI)	22 (24.7)	55 (16.5)
H. pylori infection	14 (15.7)	68 (20.4)	0.326
Endoscopic findings
Reflux esophagitis	31 (34.8)	112 (33.5)	0.818
Hiatal hernia	71 (79.8)	289 (86.5)	0.112
Gastritis	68 (76.4)	245 (73.4)	0.56
Gastric ulcer	45 (50.6)	143 (42.8)	0.191
Duodenal ulcer	5 (5.6)	25 (7.5)	0.542
Gastric and duodenal ulcer	47 (52.8)	152 (45.5)	0.22
Inlet patch	8 (9)	30 (9)	0.998
Length of ESEM (cm)	1.42 ± 0.84	1.31 ± 0.48	0.243

^aP < 0.05. BE: Barrett’s esophagus; BMI: Body mass index; ESEM: Endoscopically suspected esophageal metaplasia; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; IM: Intestinal metaplasia; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 4 Multivariate analysis of risk factors in relation to presence of specialized intestinal metaplasia

Clinical factor	Coefficient	Standard error	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Age	0.029	0.012	1.029 (1.006-1.053)	0.014 ^a

^aP < 0.05. CI: Confidence interval.

Citation: Chen YH, Yu HC, Lin KH, Lin HS, Hsu PI. Prevalence and risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus in Taiwan. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25(25): 3231-3241
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v25/i25/3231.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i25.3231