Resistance to clarithromycin and gastroenterologist’s persistence roles in nomination for Helicobacter pylori as high priority pathogen by World Health Organization

Table 1 Molecular methods to identify mutations induce clarithromycin resistance in clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates

Methods	Advantages	Disadvantages	PCR-based method	Ref.
Real-time PCR	Quick and reliable High specificity, high sensitivity	Relatively expensive	Yes	[21]
PCR-LiPA	Fast and cheap	Moderate specificity and sensitivity	Yes	[22]
DNA sequencing	Produce many information,	Expensive, Time-consuming protocol	Yes	[23]
3’-mismatch PCR	Fast and high specificity	Produce limited data on the gene, not practically useful	Yes	[24]
RFLP	High specificity, high sensitivity	Risk of contamination Low reproducibility	Yes	[15,25]
FISH	High specificity, high sensitivity	Need invasive approach so not good for children	No	[26,27]

FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridisation; RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism; PCR-LiPA: PCR line probe assay.