Effect of dietary vitamin C on gastric cancer risk in the Korean population

Table 1 General characteristics of the study subjects

	Total (n = 1245)			Men (n = 810)			Women (n= 435)
	Case(n = 415)	Control(n = 830)	P value1	Case(n = 270)	Control(n = 540)	P value	Case(n = 145)	Control(n = 290)	P value
Age (yr), mean ± SD	53.8 ± 9.3	53.7 ± 9.0	0.892	54.9 ± 8.7	54.8 ± 8.4	0.905	51.7 ± 10.0	51.6 ± 9.8	0.942
Body mass index (kg/m2)
< 23	159 (38.3)	314 (37.8)	0.975	91 (33.7)	161 (29.8)	0.509	68 (46.9)	153 (52.8)	0.533
23-25	122 (29.4)	249 (30.0)		78 (28.9)	170 (31.5)		44 (30.3)	79 (27.2)
≥ 25	133 (32.1)	266 (32.1)		101 (37.4)	209 (38.7)		32 (22.1)	57 (19.7)
First-degree family history of gastric cancer
No	332 (80.0)	725 (87.4)	0.001	209 (77.4)	464 (85.9)	0.002	123 (84.8)	261 (90.0)	0.114
Yes	82 (19.8)	103 (12.4)		60 (22.2)	74 (13.7)		22 (15.2)	29 (10.0)
Marital status
Married	361 (87.0)	716 (86.3)	0.611	243 (90.0)	478 (88.5)	0.475	118 (81.4)	238 (82.1)	0.975
Other	52 (12.5)	113 (13.6)		26 (9.6)	61 (11.3)		26 (17.9)	52 (17.9)
Education level
Less than middle school	142 (34.2)	119 (14.3)	< 0.001	91 (33.7)	71 (13.2)	< 0.001	51 (35.2)	48 (16.6)	< 0.001
High school	174 (41.9)	253 (30.5)		112 (41.5)	140 (25.9)		62 (42.8)	113 (39.0)
College or higher	97 (23.4)	426 (51.3)		66 (24.4)	301 (55.7)		31 (21.4)	125 (43.1)
Job
Managers and professionals	70 (16.9)	156 (18.8)	0.001	59 (21.9)	117 (21.7)	0.010	11 (7.6)	39 (13.5)	0.002
Clerical, sales and service workers	122 (29.4)	266 (32.1)		81 (30.0)	203 (37.6)		41 (28.3)	63 (21.7)
Production workers, and laborers	104 (25.1)	128 (15.4)		83 (30.7)	111 (20.6)		21 (14.5)	17 (5.9)
Not in the labor force	117 (28.2)	277 (33.4)		46 (17.0)	106 (19.6)		71 (49.0)	171 (59.0)
Monthly household income2
< 200	133 (32.1)	149 (18.0)	< 0.001	85 (31.5)	85 (15.7)	< 0.001	48 (33.1)	64 (22.1)	0.016
200-400	148 (35.7)	341 (41.1)		106 (39.3)	232 (43.0)		42 (29.0)	109 (37.6)
≥ 400	96 (23.1)	273 (32.9)		55 (20.4)	168 (31.1)		41 (28.3)	105 (36.2)
Alcohol consumption
Non-drinker	119 (28.7)	236 (28.4)	0.243	44 (16.3)	89 (16.5)	0.282	75 (51.7)	147 (50.7)	0.819
Ex-drinker	41 (9.9)	60 (7.2)		33 (12.2)	47 (8.7)		8 (5.5)	13 (4.5)
Current drinker	254 (61.2)	534 (64.3)		193 (71.5)	404 (74.8)		61 (42.1)	130 (44.8)
Smoking status
Non-smoker	167 (40.2)	384 (46.3)	< 0.001	39 (14.4)	106 (19.6)	< 0.001	128 (88.3)	278 (95.9)	0.021
Ex-smoker	119 (28.7)	284 (34.2)		110 (40.7)	277 (51.3)		9 (6.2)	7 (2.4)
Current-smoker	128 (30.8)	162 (19.5)		121 (44.8)	157 (29.1)		7 (4.8)	5 (1.7)
Regular exercise
No	268 (64.6)	361 (43.5)	< 0.001	161 (59.6)	234 (43.3)	< 0.001	107 (73.8)	127 (43.8)	< 0.001
Yes	147 (35.4)	466 (56.1)		109 (40.4)	303 (56.1)		38 (26.2)	163 (56.2)
H. pylori infection
Negative	33 (8.0)	320 (38.6)	< 0.001	18 (6.7)	187 (34.6)	< 0.001	15 (10.3)	133 (45.9)	< 0.001
Positive	382 (92.1)	486 (58.6)		252 (93.3)	333 (61.7)		130 (89.7)	153 (52.8)

¹P values were calculated using the t test (for continuous variables) or χ² test (for categorical variables);

²Unit is 10000 won in Korean currency. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (range) or n (%).

Table 2 Comparison of intakes of vitamin C and vitamin C contributing foods¹

Food (g/d)(mean ± SD)	Total (n = 1245)			Men (n = 810)			Women (n = 435)
	Case(n = 415)	Control(n = 830)	P value2	Case(n = 270)	Control(n = 540)	P value	Case(n = 145)	Control(n = 290)	P value
Energy (Kcal/d)	1924.1 ± 612.9	1713.6 ± 545.5	< 0.001	2038.5 ± 634.8	1760.6 ± 541.5	< 0.001	1711.1 ± 507.0	1626.0 ± 543.1	0.116
Vitamin C (mg/d)	96.1 ± 50.5	108.4 ± 56.1	< 0.001	89.0 ± 45.3	97.1 ± 44.2	0.014	109.3 ± 56.7	129.5 ± 68.5	0.001
Potatoes and starches	39.3 ± 38.1	45.5 ± 45.4	0.013	32.8 ± 34.6	40.3 ± 36.5	0.005	51.5 ± 41.2	55.1 ± 57.4	0.456
Potatoes	32.3 ± 34.0	35.0 ± 35.0	0.209	27.7 ± 32.2	32.7 ± 30.3	0.035	41.0 ± 35.7	39.1 ± 42.1	0.635
Sweet potatoes	24.8 ± 210.0	42.3 ± 234.4	0.183	8.2 ± 41.9	15.1 ± 47.1	0.030	55.6 ± 349.4	92.8 ± 386.8	0.329
Vegetables	327.4 ± 185.0	328.2 ± 166.2	0.947	318.4 ± 177.5	320.5 ± 157.4	0.873	344.3 ± 197.7	342.5 ± 180.8	0.926
Korean cabbage kimchi	99.3 ± 71.0	96.1 ± 69.3	0.450	94.9 ± 66.6	97.3 ± 69.0	0.639	107.4 ± 78.1	93.8 ± 70.0	0.068
Green pepper	7.3 ± 11.0	7.9 ± 10.6	0.347	6.4 ± 6.8	7.5 ± 9.5	0.044	9.0 ± 16.0	8.6 ± 12.5	0.769
Radish	20.3 ± 17.5	21.2 ± 18.3	0.375	20.3 ± 16.8	21.5 ± 17.5	0.348	20.3 ± 18.8	20.8 ± 19.6	0.801
Spinach	9.9 ± 21.6	10.7 ± 22.8	0.572	8.0 ± 18.5	9.1 ± 17.3	0.380	13.6 ± 26.2	13.6 ± 30.4	0.994
Radish kimchi	27.1 ± 80.2	28.5 ± 58.9	0.765	20.7 ± 40.1	26.8 ± 52.3	0.065	39.1 ± 123.6	31.5 ± 69.6	0.491
Cabbage	6.6 ± 13.9	13.4 ± 27.1	< 0.001	4.6 ± 10.3	9.7 ± 20.0	< 0.001	10.3 ± 18.3	20.4 ± 35.8	< 0.001
Chonggak kimchi	15.7 ± 44.9	16.5 ± 33.6	0.769	12.1 ± 23.1	15.6 ± 29.9	0.072	22.4 ± 68.7	18.1 ± 39.4	0.486
Zucchini	18.0 ± 22.1	17.5 ± 20.4	0.711	16.1 ± 20.3	15.4 ± 18.3	0.650	21.6 ± 24.9	21.5 ± 23.2	0.956
Chinese cabbage	22.3 ± 118.0	32.7 ± 142.8	0.172	20.7 ± 132.2	34.0 ± 164.8	0.217	25.1 ± 85.7	30.3 ± 88.5	0.564
Lettuce	7.2 ± 10.1	9.3 ± 15.5	0.004	6.1 ± 8.8	7.6 ± 10.7	0.039	9.1 ± 11.9	12.4 ± 21.4	0.040
Onion	14.5 ± 8.7	15.0 ± 9.2	0.375	13.4 ± 7.6	14.3 ± 8.6	0.166	16.4 ± 10.2	16.3 ± 10.2	0.887
Mustard leaf kimchi	10.5 ± 61.5	14.2 ± 118.4	0.469	8.1 ± 62.4	8.2 ± 58.9	0.990	14.9 ± 59.8	25.4 ± 183.1	0.377
Green onion	4.8 ± 3.0	5.0 ± 3.3	0.410	4.9 ± 3.01	5.1 ± 3.3	0.410	4.7 ± 2.9	4.8 ± 3.5	0.811
Fruits	136.0 ± 165.8	191.8 ± 209.1	< 0.001	115.5 ± 149.4	152.0 ± 163.5	0.002	174.1 ± 187.4	266.0 ± 259.0	< 0.001
Mandarins	16.0 ± 26.3	23.2 ± 44.9	< 0.001	12.9 ± 22.6	14.6 ± 23.4	0.319	21.8 ± 31.5	39.2 ± 66.0	< 0.001
Strawberries	5.2 ± 8.7	8.8 ± 15.8	< 0.001	4.3 ± 7.7	6.7 ± 11.2	< 0.001	7.0 ± 10.0	12.6 ± 21.4	< 0.001
Orange juice	8.9 ± 22.2	20.8 ± 56.1	< 0.001	6.4 ± 14.2	16.9 ± 54.8	< 0.001	13.6 ± 31.6	28.0 ± 57.8	0.001
Watermelon	13.4 ± 21.7	21.0 ± 69.4	0.004	11.3 ± 21.2	15.3 ± 36.5	0.050	17.5 ± 22.2	31.8 ± 105.6	0.028
Apples	30.4 ± 57.1	52.3 ± 89.7	< 0.001	23.8 ± 49.1	42.7 ± 77.3	< 0.001	42.7 ± 68.1	70.2 ± 107.0	0.001
Persimmons	17.4 ± 110.5	20.3 ± 57.6	0.617	17.2 ± 133.6	12.9 ± 43.3	0.603	17.8 ± 41.9	34.1 ± 75.5	0.004
Bananas	10.5 ± 26.5	20.3 ± 40.9	< 0.001	7.3 ± 16.0	15.2 ± 28.9	< 0.001	16.4 ± 38.5	29.8 ± 55.8	0.004
Citrus tea	23.6 ± 142.9	58.5 ± 729.7	0.184	11.8 ± 62.8	18.1 ± 67.4	0.201	45.5 ± 225.0	133.7 ± 1228.9	0.237

¹Adjusted for total energy intake using the residuals method;

²P values were calculated with the t test.

Table 3 ORs and 95%CIs of gastric cancer by tertiles of dietary vitamin C

	Range (mg/d)	No. ofcontrols/cases	Model IOR (95%CI)	Model IIOR (95%CI)	Model IIIOR (95%CI)
Total (n = 1245)
T1	< 80.14	276/186	1	1	1
T2	80.14-120.67	277/130	0.70 (0.53-0.92)	0.81 (0.59-1.10)	0.81 (0.58-1.12)
T3	≥ 120.67	277/99	0.53 (0.40-0.71)	0.64 (0.46-0.88)	0.71 (0.50-1.00)
P for trend1			< 0.001	0.007	0.052
Men (n = 810)
T1	< 73.18	180/107	1	1	1
T2	73.18-110.59	180/93	0.87 (0.62-1.23)	1.11 (0.75-1.64)	1.07 (0.70-1.61)
T3	≥ 110.59	180/70	0.65 (0.45-0.94)	0.78 (0.52-1.18)	0.91 (0.59-1.41)
P for trend			0.022	0.229	0.659
Women (n = 435)
T1	< 91.70	96/69	1	1	1
T2	91.70-139.52	97/45	0.65 (0.40-1.03)	0.81 (0.48-1.36)	0.85 (0.49-1.48)
T3	≥ 139.52	97/31	0.45 (0.27-0.74)	0.57 (0.32-1.00)	0.61 (0.34-1.12)
P for trend			0.002	0.051	0.109

¹Trends were calculated using the median intake for each dietary vitamin C category as a continuous variable: Model I: Unadjusted; Model II: Adjusted by first-degree family history of gastric cancer, education level, job, household income, smoking status, regular exercise; Model III: Additionally adjusted for H. pylori infection.

Table 4 ORs and 95%CIs of gastric cancer by the highest tertile of vitamin C contributing food consumption

	Total(n = 1245)	P for trend2	Men(n = 810)	P for trend	Women(n = 435)	P for trend
Potatoes and starches
Model I OR1 (95%CI)	0.74 (0.54-1.59)	0.020	0.55 (0.37-0.82)	0.001	0.97 (0.60-1.57)	0.996
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.72 (0.52-1.01)	0.028	0.55 (0.36-0.85)	0.003	0.94 (0.55-1.60)	0.889
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.85 (0.59-1.21)	0.277	0.65 (0.41-1.03)	0.042	1.01 (0.57-1.79)	0.891
Total vegetable consumption
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.87 (0.66-1.16)	0.366	0.91 (0.64-1.31)	0.593	0.86 (0.54-1.37)	0.549
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.91 (0.66-1.25)	0.575	1.01 (0.67-1.52)	0.955	0.83 (0.49-1.39)	0.496
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.96 (0.68-1.34)	0.800	1.09 (0.71-1.68)	0.744	0.82 (0.47-1.43)	0.494
Total fruit consumption
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.41 (0.30-0.56)	< 0.001	0.52 (0.36-0.75)	0.001	0.34 (0.21-0.57)	< 0.001
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.57 (0.41-0.81)	0.002	0.73 (0.49-1.10)	0.148	0.52 (0.30-0.92)	0.032
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.59 (0.41-0.85)	0.005	0.73 (0.47-1.13)	0.179	0.57 (0.31-1.05)	0.089
Potatoes
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.82 (0.61-1.10)	0.114	0.60 (0.41-0.87)	0.003	1.19 (0.73-1.93)	0.444
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.79 (0.57-1.09)	0.105	0.55 (0.36-0.85)	0.003	0.99 (0.57-1.70)	0.867
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.91 (0.64-1.29)	0.458	0.65 (0.41-1.02)	0.034	1.10 (0.61-1.97)	0.572
Sweet potatoes
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.57 (0.42-0.77)	< 0.001	0.54 (0.37-0.80)	< 0.001	0.71 (0.44-1.16)	0.244
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.62 (0.44-0.87)	0.002	0.60 (0.39-0.92)	0.003	0.68 (0.39-1.18)	0.196
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.69 (048-1.00)	0.018	0.66 (0.42-1.05)	0.016	0.76 (0.42-1.37)	0.294
Korean cabbage kimchi
Model I OR (95%CI)	1.08 (0.81-1.43)	0.547	0.90 (0.63-1.28)	0.572	1.47 (0.91-2.39)	0.087
Model II OR (95%CI)	1.08 (0.79-1.48)	0.629	0.91 (0.61-1.35)	0.693	1.41 (0.81-2.43)	0.163
Model III OR (95%CI)	1.11 (0.80-1.55)	0.511	0.99 (0.65-1.51)	0.976	1.27 (0.71-2.28)	0.342
Green pepper
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.85 (0.64-1.14)	0.252	0.78 (0.54-1.12)	0.141	0.99 (0.60-1.62)	0.894
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.87 (0.64-1.20)	0.328	0.74 (0.49-1.12)	0.090	0.99 (0.57-1.72)	0.973
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.81 (0.57-1.13)	0.167	0.67 (0.44-0.04)	0.037	0.93 (0.51-1.68)	0.844
Radish
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.97 (0.72-1.31)	0.599	0.89 (0.62-1.28)	0.468	1.22 (0.72-2.06)	0.870
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.92 (0.67-1.28)	0.348	0.90 (0.60-1.35)	0.489	1.16 (0.65-2.07)	0.799
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.98 (0.69-1.39)	0.495	0.92 (0.60-1.43)	0.578	1.27 (0.68-2.35)	0.893
Spinach
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.77 (0.58-1.03)	0.173	0.62 (0.44-0.90)	0.024	0.93 (0.58-1.51)	0.923
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.80 (0.58-1.09)	0.283	0.66 (0.45-0.99)	0.071	1.02 (0.59-1.77)	0.851
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.86 (0.61-1.20)	0.532	0.78 (0.51-1.20)	0.360	0.94 (0.52-1.70)	0.821
Radish kimchi
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.82 (0.62-1.10)	0.193	0.69 (0.48-0.99)	0.038	1.33 (0.80-2.22)	0.592
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.82 (0.59-1.12)	0.195	0.70 (0.47-1.05)	0.090	1.21 (0.69-2.11)	0.937
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.80 (0.57-1.12)	0.192	0.73 (0.47-1.13)	0.142	1.06 (0.58-1.94)	0.816
Cabbage
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.34 (0.25-0.46)	< 0.001	0.37 (0.26-0.53)	< 0.001	0.33 (0.19-0.55)	< 0.001
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.45 (0.32-0.63)	< 0.001	0.50 (0.34-0.75)	0.004	0.45 (0.25-0.81)	0.016
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.50 (0.35-0.72)	0.001	0.53 (0.35-0.82)	0.015	0.54 (0.29-1.00)	0.094
Chonggak kimchi
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.83 (0.62-1.10)	0.215	0.69 (0.48-0.99)	0.038	1.33 (0.80-2.20)	0.589
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.83 (0.60-1.04)	0.253	0.69 (0.46-1.04)	0.077	1.21 (0.69-2.11)	0.933
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.81 (0.58-1.13)	0.244	0.72 (0.47-1.11)	0.113	1.06 (0.58-1.94)	0.818
Zucchini
Model I OR (95%CI)	1.01 (0.76-1.35)	0.898	0.96 (0.67-1.37)	0.772	1.38 (0.84-2.25)	0.195
Model II OR (95%CI)	1.09 (0.79-1.51)	0.783	0.99 (0.66-1.48)	0.846	1.87 (1.06-3.28)	0.026
Model III OR (95%CI)	1.11 (0.78-1.56)	0.749	1.97 (0.63-1.50)	0.784	1.82 (1.00-3.30)	0.045
Chinese cabbage
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.64 (0.47-0.86)	< 0.001	0.53(0.36-0.78)	< 0.001	0.80 (0.49-1.31)	0.342
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.58 (0.41-0.81)	< 0.001	0.49(0.32-0.76)	< 0.001	0.72 (0.41-1.25)	0.115
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.62 (0.44-0.89)	< 0.001	0.57(0.36-0.90)	0.005	0.67 (0.37-1.22)	0.092
Lettuce
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.64 (0.48-0.86)	0.008	0.58 (0.41-0.82)	0.013	0.77 (0.47-1.26)	0.301
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.67 (0.49-0.93)	0.026	0.58 (0.39-0.86)	0.023	0.79 (0.45-1.36)	0.365
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.68 (0.48-0.95)	0.031	0.58 (0.38-0.88)	0.023	0.78 (0.43-1.40)	0.337
Onion
Model I OR (95%CI)	1.06 (0.79-1.42)	0.817	0.90 (0.62-1.30)	0.436	1.21 (0.73-1.99)	0.539
Model II OR (95%CI)	1.09 (0.79-1.51)	0.693	0.84 (0.56-1.27)	0.320	1.33 (0.76-2.33)	0.344
Model III OR (95%CI)	1.13 (0.80-1.59)	0.572	0.90 (0.58-1.40)	0.524	1.27 (0.71-2.30)	0.457
Mustard leaf Kimchi
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.84 (0.62-1.12)	0.099	0.87 (0.60-1.25)	0.220	0.66 (0.40-1.08)	0.207
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.76 (0.55-1.06)	0.018	0.84 (0.56-1.27)	0.089	0.60 (0.34-1.04)	0.076
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.76 (0.54-1.08)	0.038	0.90 (0.58-1.40)	0.180	0.57 (0.32-1.04)	0.093
Green onion
Model I OR (95%CI)	1.03 (0.76-1.38)	0.909	0.92 (0.64-1.33)	0.527	1.21 (0.73-2.01)	0.612
Model II OR (95%CI)	1.02 (0.73-1.41)	0.807	0.94 (0.62-1.42)	0.588	1.11 (0.64-1.95)	0.731
Model III OR (95%CI)	1.01 (0.71-1.44)	0.744	0.94 (0.60-1.46)	0.582	1.18 (0.65-2.13)	0.650
Mandarins
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.60 (0.44-0.80)	0.001	0.79 (0.55-1.12)	0.356	0.42 (0.25-0.71)	0.002
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.74 (0.53-1.04)	0.061	0.97 (0.66-1.44)	0.941	0.60 (0.34-1.07)	0.101
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.71 (0.50-1.01)	0.038	0.95 (0.62-1.44)	0.961	0.54 (0.29-0.99)	0.061
Strawberries
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.44 (0.33-0.60)	< 0.001	0.40 (0.27-0.58)	< 0.001	0.39 (0.23-0.67)	0.001
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.56 (0.40-0.78)	0.001	0.49 (0.32-0.74)	0.001	0.52 (0.29-0.93)	0.026
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.61 (0.43-0.86)	0.009	0.50 (0.32-0.79)	0.004	0.57 (0.30-1.07)	0.065
Orange juice
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.43 (0.32-0.59)	< 0.001	0.36 (0.25-0.53)	< 0.001	0.50 (0.30-0.85)	0.006
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.61 (0.44-0.85)	0.003	0.47 (0.30-0.71)	0.001	0.83 (0.46-1.51)	0.294
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.65 (0.46-0.94)	0.014	0.49 (0.31-0.77)	0.002	0.98 (0.52-1.86)	0.677
Watermelon
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.59 (0.44-0.78)	0.003	0.61 (0.43-0.87)	0.032	0.63 (0.39-1.02)	0.117
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.69 (0.50-0.95)	0.065	0.71 (0.48-1.06)	0.211	0.72 (0.42-1.24)	0.309
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.65 (0.46-0.92)	0.043	0.67 (0.44-1.03)	0.132	0.71 (0.40-1.27)	0.292
Apples
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.40 (0.29-0.54)	< 0.001	0.38 (0.26-0.55)	< 0.001	0.43 (0.26-0.71)	0.005
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.60 (0.43-0.85)	0.006	0.57 (0.37-0.87)	0.026	0.64 (0.37-1.11)	0.204
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.64 (0.45-0.92)	0.028	0.53 (0.34-0.83)	0.013	0.82 (0.46-1.47)	0.705
Persimmons
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.49 (0.36-0.66)	< 0.001	0.62 (0.43-0.89)	0.026	0.40 (0.24-0.66)	0.002
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.56 (0.40-0.78)	0.001	0.72 (0.48-1.08)	0.151	0.46 (0.26-0.80)	0.018
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.55 (0.38-0.78)	0.001	0.67 (0.44-1.03)	0.086	0.45 (0.25-0.82)	0.028
Bananas
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.32 (0.24-0.44)	< 0.001	0.33 (0.22-0.47)	< 0.001	0.26 (0.15-0.46)	< 0.001
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.40 (0.29-0.57)	< 0.001	0.41 (0.27-0.62)	< 0.001	0.34 (0.19-0.63)	0.001
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.44 (0.31-0.63)	< 0.001	0.41 (0.27-0.64)	0.001	0.44 (0.23-0.83)	0.014
Citrus tea
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.64 (0.48-0.87)	0.002	0.56 (0.38-0.81)	0.001	0.81 (0.49-1.34)	0.281
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.78 (0.56-1.09)	0.048	0.68 (0.44-1.04)	0.017	1.00 (0.57-1.76)	0.669
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.83 (0.59-1.18)	0.161	0.71 (0.45-1.11)	0.040	1.14 (0.63-2.09)	0.992

¹OR for the association with the lowest tertile group compared with the highest tertile group;

²Trends were calculated using the median intake for each category of vitamin C-contributing food consumption as a continuous variable: Model I: Unadjusted; Model II: Adjusted by first-degree family history of gastric cancer, education level, job, household income, smoking status, regular exercise; Model III: Additionally adjusted for H. pylori infection.