Clinical scenarios for the use of S100β as a marker of hepatic encephalopathy

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study population

	Healthy subjects	C + non-HE	C + CHE	C + HE
n	15	22	10	14
Gender (M/F)	(8/7)	(11/11)	(6/4)	(9/5)
Age	51.5 (46-64.5)	53 (45-60)	65.5 (59-71.5)	66 (57-71)
Years of education	14 (6-19)	12 (6-16)	6 (4-9.7)	9 (6-16)
Main etiology (%)	--	HCV (34%)	HCV (40%)	HCV (66%)
MELD score	--	9.5 (8.5-11.5)	10 (7.7-15.2)	11.5 (10-17.5)
Child-Pugh (points)	--	7 (6-8)	7.5 (6-9)	10 (8-12)
Serum sodium	--	136 (129-143)	135 (126-139)	138 (122-141)
Ammonia	--	179 (113.5-224)	217 (194-250)	134 (95-277)
Total bilirubin	--	1.81 (1.11-2.48)	1.50 (1.26-2.58)	2.81 (2.09-5.94)
ALT	--	34 (28-55.2)	31 (24.5-95.5)	42.5 (32.2-65.5)
AST	--	62.5 (41-98)	49 (37.5-115)	77 (44-105.5)
Albumin	--	2.9 (2.6-3.3)	2.9 (2.6-3.2)	2.2 (2.0-2.7)
Alkaline phosphatase	--	141.5 (89.7-211)	140 (85-184)	154 (100.5-80.5)
INR	--	1.1 (1.1-1.2)	1 (0.9-1.2)	1.2 (1.1-1.7)
Creatinine	--	0.82 ± 0.19	1.11 ± 0.38	0.92 ± 0.31

Data presented as absolute frequencies, median (IQR) and mean ± SD. C: Cirrhosis; CHE: Covert hepatic encephalopathy; HE: Overt hepatic encephalopathy.

Table 2 Psychometric evaluation

	Healthy subjects	C + non-HE	C + CHE	C + HE	P value
CFF	45.0 (43.0-48.6)	39.9 (39.2-41.4)	36 (33-39)	36 (35-40)	0.000
PHES	0 (-2 to 1)	-2 (-3 to -1)	-9 (-13 to -5)	-9.5 (-12 to –3)	0.000
Digit symbol	33.8 ± 18.3	28.91 ± 9.06	18.9 ± 8.8	13.4 ± 7.8	0.000
Number connection A	43.6 ± 21.1	49.5 ± 19.4	102.8 ± 66.5	148.8 ± 85.7	0.000
Number connection B	112.9 ± 39.1	147.2 ± 82.8	318.5 ± 153.03	435.7 ± 209.9	0.000
Serial dotting	62.3 ± 22.6	77.43 ± 18.1	127 ± 46.9	147.6 ± 64.3	0.000
Line tracing	95.2 ± 27.45	95.6 ± 28.6	193.8 ± 93.5	167.5 ± 37.8	0.000

Data presented as absolute frequencies, median (IQR) and mean ± SD. C: Cirrhosis; CHE: Covert hepatic encephalopathy; HE: Overt hepatic encephalopathy.