Molecular detection of pancreatic neoplasia: Current status and future promise

Table 1 Biomarkers for molecular detection of pancreatic cancer

Bio specimen	Type of biomarker	Examples of molecular markers
Blood	Conventional protein markers	Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)
		Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
	Novel proteins	Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)
		Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
		Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1)
		Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1)
		S100 calcium-binding protein P (S100P)
	Mutated genes	KRAS, TP53, SMAD4, CDKN2A, KDM6A, PREX2
	Aberrantly methylated genes	p16, ppENK, cyclin D2, SPARC/osteonectin SOCS-1, TSLC1
	Micro-RNAs	miR-1290, miR-145, miR-150, miR-223, miR-636, miR-26b, miR-34a, miR-122, miR-126, miR-145, miR-150, miR-223, miR-505, miR-636, miR-885.5p.
	Circulating tumor cells	(molecular markers not yet interrogated)
Cyst fluid	Mutated genes	KRAS, GNAS
	Aberrantly methylated genes	BNIP3, PTCHD2, SOX17, NXPH1 and EBF3
	Micro-RNAs	miR-138, miR-195, miR-204, miR-216a, miR-217, miR-218, miR-802, miR-155, miR-214, miR-26a, miR-30b, miR-31, and miR-125
Tumor tissue	Novel proteins	Gelsolin, Lumican, Galectin-1 and Laminin
Pancreatic juice	Mutated genes	KRAS, TP53
	Aberrantly methylated genes	ADCY1, CD1D, BMP3
Stool	Mutated genes	KRAS, BMP3