Hepatitis C virus comes for dinner: How the hepatitis C virus interferes with autophagy

Table 1 Crosstalk of hepatitis C virus proteins with the autophagosomal pathway

Viral proteins	Cellular interacting partner/pathway	Function	Ref.
Core	-	-	-
E1-E2	UPR-pathway	ER-retention of heterodimeric E1-E2-complexesInduction of UPR	Cocquerel et al[139], 1998
E1-E2	UPR-pathway	Formation of E1-E2 aggregates at ERInduction of UPR	Choukhi et al[140], 1998
E2	-	-	-
P7	-	-	-
NS2	-	-	-
NS3	sMafs	Entry of Nrf2 into nucleus prohibitedElevated ROS-levelsInduction of autophagy	Carvajal-Yepes et al[142], 2011
NS3/NS4A	IRGM	Activation of autophagy	Grégoire et al[18], 2011
NS3/4A		Interaction of Atg5-Atg12 conjugate with RIGI/Mda5 and IPS-1/MAVSCleavage of these helicasesInhibition of IFN-signaling	Shrivastava et al[20], 2012
NS4B	UPR-pathway	Interference with Ca2+-homeostasis resulting in elevated ROSInduction of UPR via activation of ATF6- or Xbp1-pathwayActivation of NfκB via Ca2+-homeostasis and elevated ROS	Li et al[144], 2009
NS4B	Rab5 + Vps34	Inhibition of mTOR kinase activity and interaction with Vps34 and Beclin1Activation of autophagy	Su et al[16], 2011 Stone et al[147], 2007 Simonsen et al[146], 2009 Li et al[145], 2010
NS4B	Atg5	Possible involvement in formation of membranous web	Guévin et al[152], 2010
NS5A	-	Autolysosome formation	Shrivastava et al[20], 2012
NS5A	TIP47/Rab9PKR	Release of viral particlesParticles loaded with TIP47 lacking Rab9 are targeted towards the autolysosome	Ploen et al[121], 2013
NS5B	Atg5	Possible role in establishment of infection	Guévin et al[152], 2010

UPR: Unfolded protein response; PKR: Protein kinase R; ROS: Reactive oxidant species; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum.