Profiling cellular bioenergetics, glutathione levels, and caspase activities in stomach biopsies of patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms

Table 1 Gastric corpus histology and measured biomarkers in the first cohort of patients (n = 17)

Patients	Age (yr)	Gender	Medications	Clinical findings	H. pylori	Histology	kc	ATP	GSH	AMC
1	48	F	Mebeverine	Hysterectomy	-	Normal	0.18	1547 ± 5.6	396	0
2	38	F	PPI	Peptic ulcer	ND	Normal	0.19	13 ± 0.4	404	0
			Thyroxin	Thyroid cancer
3	52	F	PPI	IBS	+	Normal	0.13	267 ± 0.3	517	0
			NSAID	Thyroid neoplasm
			Progesterone
4	20	F	-	Hiatal hernia	-	Normal	0.18	492 ± 5.0	570	0
5	50	M	PPI, Losartan, Prednisolone	Acromegaly	-	Normal	0.16	336 ± 3.8	360	0
				Hypertension
6	34	M	Morbid obesity	Morbid obesity	+	Normal	0.16	495 ± 7.0	638	9
7	23	M	PPI	Hypertension	-	Normal	0.18	14 ± 1.2	461	36
			Aspirin	Dyslipidemia
8	52	F	PPI	-	-	Normal	0.19	731 ± 5.2	403	63
			Calcium, vitamin D Atorvastatin
mean ± SD	40 ± 13						0.17 ± 0.02	487 ± 493	469 ± 98
9	38	F	antacid	Mesenteric cyst	-	Superficial gastritis	0.15	1525 ± 8.7	476	95
10	22	M	PPI	-	+	Superficial gastritis	0.20	90 ± 4.1	347	14
11	46	F	PPI	-	-	Superficial gastritis	0.18	949 ± 1.3	373	14
12	28	F	PPI	IBS	+	Superficial gastritis	0.18	11 ± 0.2	830	13
				Hyperthyroidism
				Depression
13	65	M	PPI	-	-	Superficial gastritis	0.21	14 ± 0.9	496	0
14	62	F	PPI	-	+	Superficial gastritis	0.14	56 ± 2.0	366	0
15	55	F	PPI	Breast cancer	-	Superficial gastritis	0.17	ND	ND	ND
			Tamoxifen
mean ± SD	47 ± 18						0.18 ± 0.04	370 ± 563	481 ± 182
16	72	F	PPI	Diabetes mellitus	+	Atrophic gastritis	0.27	275 ± 4.2	606	2
				Hypertension
				Dyslipidemia
				Breast cancer
17	36	M	-	Morbid obesity	+	Inadequate	0.14	37 ± 0.1	1138	105

kc, in μmol/L O₂ min^-1 mg^-1; GSH in pmol/mg; ATP in pmol/mg; AMC: Peak area in arbitrary unit/mg × 10³. ND: Not detectable; IBS: Irritable bower syndrome; NASID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPI: Proton pump inhibitors; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 2 Measured biomarkers in gastric corpus vs antrum in the second cohort of patients (n = 23)

Patients	Age (yr)	GI presentation	Gender	Gastric corpus		Gastric antrum
				kc	GSH	kc	GSH
18	27	Liver lesion	F	0.11	357	0.12	378
19	71	Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, dyspepsia	M	0.13	627	0.16	379
20	22	Dyspepsia	M	0.13	366	0.25	331
21	18	Dyspepsia	F	0.14	319	0.19	260
22	30	Dyspepsia	M	0.16	733	0.21	853
23	34	Thyroidectomy, dyspepsia	F	0.14	449	0.18	408
24	24	Familial Mediterranean fever, dyspepsia	M	0.17	256	0.14	243
25	66	Diabetes, gastritis	M	0.15	243	0.12	317
26	69	Prostate cancer, aortic aneurysm, dyspepsia	M	0.22	269	0.13	470
27	22	Morbid obesity, dyspepsia	M	0.15	307	0.13	256
28	30	Dyspepsia	M	0.15	351	0.17	347
29	46	Obesity, dyspepsia	F	0.22	256	0.14	356
30	21	Dyspepsia	F	0.15	260	0.12	342
31	49	Hypertension, diabetes, ovarian, and cervical cancers, dyspepsia	F	0.18	202	0.10	104
32	44	Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, dyspepsia	F	0.18	180	0.17	166
33	34	Dyspepsia	F	0.20	218	0.11	256
34	18	Thalassemia major, s/p BMT, dyspepsia	F	0.15	219	0.12	193
35	81	GERD, esophagitis, hiatal hernia	M	0.19	279	0.11	219
36	62	Dyspepsia	F	0.28	258	0.19	554
37	40	Morbid obesity, dyslipidemia, chronic renal failure, dyspepsia	F	0.13	301	0.11	326
38	26	Data not available	F	0.30	305	0.18	177
39	39	Data not available	M	0.23	214	0.13	260
40	32	Data not available	F	0.21	166	0.12	211
mean ± SD	40.4 ± 19.8			0.18 ± 0.05	310 ± 135	0.15 ± 0.04	322 ± 155

kc, in μmol/L O₂ min^-1 mg^-1; GSH: Glutathione, in pmol/mg; s/p. BMT: Status post bone marrow transplantation; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; GI: Gastrointestinal.