Fatty acid changes help to better understand regression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Clinical and laboratory data of patients who had reduced steatosis by one degree (n = 22)

Parameter	Before diet		After diet value		P value
	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)
Age (yr)	53.57 ± 13.94	60 (20)	53.57 ± 13.94	60 (20)	-
Body mass index (kg/m²)	34.75 ± 6.26	33.41(7.2)	32.22 ± 5.97	30.7 (67.21)	NS
Aspartatetransaminase (U/L)	31.86 ± 19.9	23 (16)	28.29 ± 20.86	19.5 (3)	NS
Alaninetransaminase (U/L)	57.86 ± 65.6	33.5 (27.25)	39.07 ± 36.28	23.5 (15.25)	NS
Gammaglutamyltrasferase (U/L)	50.14 ± 40.2	31.5 (39.25)	40.71 ± 35.25	26.5 (25)	NS
Triacylglycerols (mg/dL)	135 ± 3.9	115 (41)	126.79 ± 89	106 (33.75)	P < 0.05
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	206.4 ± 42.45	203.5 (41.3)	195.5 ± 49.3	208 (54.2)	NS
High density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	48.21 ± 11.4	49.5 (8.5)	52.07 ± 17.22	47.5 (21.5)	NS
Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	130.3 ± 42.19	129.5 (44.3)	119 ± 36.5	128.5 (46.8)	NS
Glucose (mg/mL)	109.6 ± 51.9	96.5 (17.8)	115.9 ± 65.72	101 (14.3)	NS
Insulin (U/mL)	19.6 ± 20.35	12.3 (16.48)	13.1 ± 12.56	10.85 (8)	P < 0.055
HOMA-IR	5.42 ± 6.08	2.98 (2.45)	3.65 ± 3.21	2.63 (3.57)	NS

IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 2 Clinical and laboratory data of patients who had reduced steatosis by two degrees (n = 13)

Parameter	Before diet		After diet		P value
	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)
Age (yr)	53.44 ± 13.65	55 (14)	53.44 ± 13.65	55 (14)	-
Body mass index (kg/m²)	33.33 ± 5.32	34 (6.24)	29.32 ± 3.83	30.62 (5.21)	P < 0.055
Aspartatetransaminase (U/L)	33 ± 11.7	30 (15)	21.67 ± 7.35	19 (3)	P < 0.01
Alaninetransaminase (U/L)	42.2 ± 27.75	33 (14)	24.9 ± 19.74	20 (8)	P < 0.01
Gammaglutamyltrasferase (U/L)	60.9 ± 74.87	34 (32)	42 ± 51.39	28 (15)	NS
Triacylglycerols (mg/dL)	141.8 ± 61.33	151 (77)	113.4 ± 60	100 (72)	NS
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	209.8 ± 47	214 (17)	191.6 ± 58.65	196 (38)	P < 0.055
High density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	52.2 ± 14.43	48 (20)	55.5 ± 18.9	52 (21)	NS
Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	129 ± 42.9	124 (27)	113.2 ± 52.83	119 (39)	NS
Glucose (mg/mL)	104.8 ± 10.4	102 (10)	105.4 ± 14.05	100 (17)	NS
Insulin (U/mL)	8 ± 4.65	8.8 (7.7)	5.95 ± 4.35	4.8 (5.5)	P < 0.05
HOMA-IR	2.11 ± 1.27	1.93 (2.12)	1.58 ± 1.20	1.28 (1.94)	P < 0.05

IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 3 Fatty acid profiles in patients who had reduced steatosis by one degree (n = 22)

Name of fatty acid (μg/mL)	Before diet		After diet		P value
	Median (IQR)	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	Mean ± SD
C12:0 (lauricacid)	0.0029 (0.0194)	0.003 ± 0.00175	0.004 (0.002)	0.0028 ± 0.0016	NS
C14:0 (myristicacid)	0.0315 (0.01038)	0.02727 ± 0.0152	0.0329 (0.0174)	0.0329 ± 0.0174	NS
C14:1 (palmitoleicacid)	0.0015 (0.0008)	0.0016 ± 0.0019	0.0017 (0.0014)	0.0018 ± 0.0013	NS
C15:0 (pentadecanoate acid)	0.008 (0.0035)	0.0076 ± 0.004	0.0072 (0.0035)	0.008 ± 0.0044	NS
C16:0 (palmiticacid)	0.7 (0.182)	0.6658 ± 0.3366	0.8514 (0.3692)	0.8056 ± 0.42	NS
C16:1 (palmitoleicacid)	0.0523 (0.0206)	0.0576 ± 0.0392	0.0834 (0.0782)	0.0762 ± 0.0524	NS
C17:0 (heptadecanoicacid)	0.015 (0.2529)	0.1534 ± 0.4572	0.0129 (0.0059)	0.1535 ± 0.3732	NS
C18:0 (stearicacid)	0.2222 (0.059)	0.2262 ± 0.1122	0.2712 (0.1128)	0.2654 ± 0.1277	NS
C18:1w9 (oleic acid)	0.6661 (0.1658)	0.5915 ± 0.3156	0.8 (0.3768)	0.7157 ± 0.3939	NS
C18:1 (vaccenicacid)	0.0573 (0.0103)	0.0543 ± 0.0289	0.0755 (0.0277)	0.063 ± 0.0302	NS
C18:2n6 (linoleicacid)	0.5825 (0.1895)	0.5398 ± 0.3929	0.8198 (0.3670)	0.7482 ± 0.3672	NS
C18:3n-6 (gamma linolenic acid)	0.0051 (0.0032)	0.0061 ± 0.0045	0.0096 (0.0074)	0.0096 ± 0.007	NS
C18:3n-3 (linolenicacid)	0.0244 (0.0056)	0.03 ± 0.0144	0.0291 (0.0055)	0.025 ± 0.127	NS
C18:4 (stearidonicacid)	0.0051 (0.003)	0.0045 ± 0.0021	0.0054 (0.013)	0.005 ± 0.0024	NS
C20:4 (arachidonicacid)	0.1596 (0.0431)	0.1650 ± 0.0841	0.1540 (0.0716)	0.1675 ± 0.1069	NS
C20:5 (eicosapentaenicacid)	0.022 (0.0021)	0.028 ± 0.0013	0.029 (0.0174)	0.032 ± 0.018	P < 0.055
C22:0 (behenicacid)	0.0117 (0.0043)	0.0099 ± 0.0051	0.0013 (0.0037)	0.0093 ± 0.0044	NS
C22:1n13 (erucate acid)	0.0029 (0.001)	0.006 ± 0.0062	0.0056 (0.0252)	0.0242 ± 0.0211	NS
C23:0 (tricosanoicacid)	0.0021 (0.0014)	0.0024 ± 0.0015	0.0025 (0.0009)	0.00217 ± 0.0011	NS
C22:4n6 (docosatetraenoicacid)	0.005 (0.002)	0.0045 ± 0.0025	0.0045 (0.0028)	0.0043 ± 0.0026	NS
C22:5w3 (docosapentaenoicacid)	0.0137 (0.0001)	0.0142 ± 0.0083	0.0242 (0.0072)	0.0215 ± 0.015	P < 0.05
C22:6w3 (docosahexaenoicacid)	0.0522 (0.0027)	0.0462 ± 0.0253	0.0639 (0.0277)	0.0923 ± 0.0953	P < 0.05
C24:1 (nervonicacid)	0.0023 (0.0029)	0.003 ± 0.0023	0.0028 (0.0013)	0.0031 ± 0.0026	NS
C26:0 (cerolicacid)	0.0072 (0.0112)	0.0117 ± 0.0098	0.0119 (0.0134)	0.0124 ± 0.0234	NS

IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 4 Fatty acid profiles in patients who had reduced steatosis by two degrees (n = 13)

Name of fatty acid (μg/mL)	Before diet		After diet		P value
	Median (IQR)	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	Mean ± SD
C12:0 (lauricacid)	0.0037 (0.009)	0.004 ± 0.00251	0.0023 (0.0012)	0.0047 ± 0.002	NS
C14:0 (myristicacid)	0.0323 (0.026)	0.034 ± 0.016)	0.0199 (0.0055)	0.0337 ± 0.021	NS
C14:1 (palmitoleicacid)	0.0017 (0.0009)	0.0022 ± 0.0012	0.0011 (0.0006)	0.0021 ± 0.0024	NS
C15:0 (pentadecanoate acid)	0.0105 (0.0095)	0.0021 ± 0.007	0.0058 (0.0045)	0.0075 ± 0.001	NS
C16:0 (palmiticacid)	0.9432 (0.3451)	0.8542 ± 0.2357	0.623 (0.3112)	0.7332 ± 0.3912	NS
C16:1 (palmitoleicacid)	0.0919 (0.0343)	0.0843 ± 0.0299	0.0444 (0.0157)	0.0609 ± 0.0424	P < 0.05
C17:0 (heptadecanoicacid)	0.0129 (0.079)	0.1105 ± 0.0898	0.0111 (0.0076)	0.1014 ± 0.0732	NS
C18:0 (stearicacid)	0.2653 (0.089)	0.2712 ± 0.1792	0.2476 (0.1354)	0.2412 ± 0.1277	NS
C18:1n-9 (oleic acid)	0.7595 (0.3613)	0.7568 ± 0.4556	0.4984 (0.2611)	0.6265 ± 0.2341	NS
C18:1 (vaccenicacid)	0.076 (0.0236)	0.0665 ± 0.036	0.0553 (0.0217)	0.0549 ± 0.04	NS
C18:2n6 (linoleicacid)	0.8 (0.2755)	0.7514 ± 0.356	0.5315 (0.19)	0.6677 ± 0.3183	NS
C18:3n-6 (gamma linolenic acid)	0.0094 (0.0052)	0.0106 ± 0.0095	0.0073 (0.0026)	0.0094 ± 0.0051	NS
C18:3n-3 (linolenicacid)	0.0243 (0.0088)	0.0236 ± 0.0137	0.0195 (0.0078)	0.0225 ± 0.1647	NS
C18:4 (stearidonicacid)	0.0056 (0.003)	0.0052 ± 0.0032	0.0034 (0.041)	0.0042 ± 0.0014	NS
C20:4 (arachidonicacid)	0.1899 (0.0822)	0.1720 ± 0.0924	0.1465 (0.0825)	0.1564 ± 0.089	NS
C20:5 (eicosapentaenicacid)	0.0284 (0.0109)	0.0315 ± 0.009	0.0233 (0.0124)	0.0249 ± 0.018	NS
C22:0 (behenicacid)	0.0119 (0.0055)	0.0147 ± 0.0083	0.0113 (0.0056)	0.0107 ± 0.007	NS
C22:1n13 (erucate acid)	0.0162 (0.0004)	0.007 ± 0.002	0.0143 (0.0242)	0.0102 ± 0.0032	NS
C23:0 (tricosanoicacid)	0.0035 (0.0005)	0.0324 ± 0.0017	0.0035 (0.0008)	0.0033 ± 0.0016	NS
C22:4n6 (docosatetraenoate acid)	0.0058 (0.0022)	0.0056 ± 0.0038	0.0044 (0.0029)	0.005 ± 0.0034	NS
C22:5w3 (docosapentaenate acid)	0.0169 (0.0087)	0.0172 ± 0.005	0.013 (0.0077)	0.01615 ± 0.01	NS
C22: 6w3 (docosahexanoate acid)	0.07 (0.038)	0.0679 ± 0.0541	0.0695 (0.047)	0.0585 ± 0.0222	NS
C24:1 (nervonicacid)	0.003 (0.0029)	0.0031 ± 0.0071	0.002 (0.0016)	0.0024 ± 0.0011	NS
C26:0 (cerolicanid acid)	0.0093 (0.0013)	0.0091 ± 0.0042	0.0078 (0.005)	0.0082 ± 0.0067	NS

IQR: Interquartile range.