Cancer-associated fibroblasts in digestive tumors

Table 1 Roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts in diverse pathological processes and the molecules involved

Function	Soluble molecules involved
Tumor cell growth and proliferation	HGF, EGF family members, FGF, Wnt families, SDF-1 (CXCL-12), FoxF1, IL-6, PDGF
Tumor invasion and metastasis	SDF-1 (CXCL-12), CXCL10, EGF, SF/HGF, IGF, PGE2, MMPs, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, CCL2/FGF19, CD81 exosomes, S100A4, STC, type I collagen, ED-A/ED-B fibronectin, periostin, LOX, NRG1, TNC, PDGF
Epethelial-mesenchymal transition	MMPs, integrin family members, TGF-β, IL-6, HGF, FGF, IGF, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1 (CCL2), Rantes (CCL5), MCP-3 (CCL7), ET-1
Chemoresistance	PDGF-C, TGF-β
Immunosuppression	VEGF, PDGF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, uPA, MMPs, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, Rantes, MCP-1, PGE2, indoleamine-2, 3-IDO

HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; SDF: Stromal cell-derived factor; FoxF1: Fork-head box F1; IL: Interleukin; PDGF: Platelet derived growth factor; SF: Scatter factor; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; TGF: Transforming growth factor; STC: Stanniocalcin; MCP: Monocyte chemoattractant protein; PGE: Prostaglandin E; LOX: Lysyl oxidase; NRG: Neuregulin; TNC: Tenascin-C; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; ET: Endothelin; uPA: Urokinase-type plasminogen activator; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; IDO: Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase.