Laparoscopic revolution in bariatric surgery

Table 1 Evolution of laparoscopy for common procedures in general surgery

	First reported (yr)	Laparoscopy > open (yr)	Laparoscopy	Conversion to open	Complication	Mortality	Length of stay (d)
Cholecystectomy	1989	1992	77%	15%	4%	0.3%	2
Reflux	1991	1996	84%	3%	4%	0.2%	3
Bariatric surgery	1994	2005	94%	1%	2%	0.1%	2
Appendectomy	1983	2006	80%	2%	1%	0.0%	2
Colectomy	1991	2009	52%	14%	6%	0.4%	5

For each specific procedure, data on first report, year when laparoscopy surpassed open technique in the United States, and general result are presented. Data from the University Health System Consortium database, containing > 100000 of the five specific procedures in 2008-2012, and adopted from Nguyen et al[44].