Rho/ROCK signaling in motility and metastasis of gastric cancer

Table 1 Characteristics of Rho/Rho-associated protein kinases substrates

Protein	Localization	Function	Effector proteins	Ref.
Rho
RhoA	Cytoplasm	Regulation of the actin polymerization, basement membrane disassembly and cortical contractility	ROCK and mDia1	[23,60]
	Plasma membrane	Regulation of membrane bleb production
		Regulation of the turnover of cell–extracellular matrix adhesions at the cell rear
RhoB	Endosomes	Regulation of the adhesive properties and wound healing in fibroblast	p76RBE and DIAPH1 (diaphanous homolog 1)	[23]
	Lysosomes	Retardation of growth factor receptor trafficking
		Negative regulation of cell survival
		Inhibition of metastasis
RhoC	Cytoplasm	Promotion of metastasis (invasion)	ROCK and mDia1	[23,24]
	Plasma membrane	Regulation of actin polymerization within invadopodia protrusions
ROCK
ROCK1	Plasma membrane	Destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton through regulating MLC phosphorylation	MLC and RhoE	[38,39]
		Regulation of cell migration by leading and trailing edges of motile cells
ROCK2	Cytoplasm	Stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton through regulating cofilin activity	LINK and Cofilin	[37,39]
	Plasma membrane	Regulation of myosin II–dependent phagocytosis
		Negative regulation of cell migration

ROCK: Rho-associated protein kinases; MLC: Myosin light chain.