Human development index is associated with mortality-to-incidence ratios of gastrointestinal cancers

Table 1 Results of regression in a cross-national analysis of human development index and mortality-to-incidence ratio

Cancer	Linear regression			Non-linear regression1
	β	P	r	HDI50	Slope	R
All gastrointestinal	-0.703	< 0.001	-0.853	0.946	2.746	-0.9129
Esophageal	-0.295	< 0.001	-0.579	1.362	1.344	-0.5705
Stomach	-0.536	< 0.001	-0.739	1.023	2.372	-0.7901
Pancreatic	-0.097	0.0019	-0.301	2.391	0.706	-0.2840
Liver	-0.322	< 0.001	-0.609	1.026	5.247	-0.7761
Gallbladder	-0.611	< 0.001	-0.516	1.027	1.697	-0.5245
Liver, gallbladder and pancreas	-0.216	< 0.001	-0.543	1.386	1.726	-0.5704
Colorectal	-0.808	< 0.001	-0.840	0.825	1.785	-0.8590

¹Non-linear regression based on the “drug dose to inhibitory response” model, and human development index (HDI)₅₀ and slope were the two parameters used. P < 0.01 was defined as significantly non-zero β; ANOVA.

Table 2 Actual and predicted mortality-to-incidence ratio values of gastrointestinal cancers in California

Cancer	Incidence(ASR, per100000)	Mortality(ASR, per100000)	Actual MIR	Predicted MIR(95%PI)1	ΔMIR
All gastrointestinal	74.3	39.6	0.533	0.560 ± 0.118	-0.027
Esophageal	3.8	3.4	0.895	0.803 ± 0.148	0.091
Stomach	7.4	4.3	0.581	0.653 ± 0.158	-0.072
Pancreatic	11.3	10.3	0.912	0.918 ± 0.104	-0.006
Liver	8.4	6.8	0.810	0.807 ± 0.101	0.002
Colorectal	43.4	14.8	0.341	0.416 ± 0.173	-0.075

¹MIR values were predicted using California’s human development index (HDI) (0.907) and the best-fit regression models. Δ_MIR = actual MIR-predicted MIR. ASR: Age-standardized rate; MIR: Age-standardized mortality-to-incidence ratio; PI: Prediction interval.