Circular RNA circ-LDLRAD3 as a biomarker in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer

Abstract

AIM

To analyze the diagnostic value of a circular RNA (circRNA), circ-LDLRAD3, in pancreatic cancer.

METHODS

Expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 were tested in both cells and clinical samples; the latter included 30 paired pancreatic cancer tissues and adjacent non-tumorous tissues, 31 plasma samples from patients with pancreatic cancer, and 31 plasma samples from healthy volunteers. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 in cells and clinical samples; then, the relationship between clinicopathological factors of patient samples and expression of circ-LDLRAD3 in pancreatic cancer was analyzed. The diagnostic value of circ-LDLRAD3 was verified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS

Circ-LDLRAD3 was up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines (P < 0.01), pancreatic cancer tissues (P < 0.01), and plasma samples from patients with pancreatic cancer (P < 0.01). High expression of circ-LDLRAD3 was significantly associated with venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, and metastasis. The area under the ROC curve of circ-LDLRAD3 alone or combination with CA19-9 was 0.67 and 0.87, respectively, with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.5738 (alone) and 0.7049 (alone), and 0.8033 (combination) and 0.9355 (combination), respectively.

CONCLUSION

These data suggest that circ-LDLRAD3 may be a biomarker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Key Words: Circular RNA, Pancreatic cancer, Biomarker

Core tip: Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of stable endogenous RNAs, play important roles in the occurrence and progression of cancer; however, little is known about their diagnostic value in pancreatic cancer. Our study focused on a novel circRNA, circ-LDLRAD3. Expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 were tested in both cells and clinical samples, including tissue samples and plasma samples. Then, the relationship between clinicopathological factors of patient samples and expression of circ-LDLRAD3 in pancreatic cancer was analyzed. The diagnostic value of circ-LDLRAD3 was verified by ROC curve analysis. Our study suggests that circ-LDLRAD3 may be a new biomarker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy of the digestive system with insidious onset and rapid development, resulting in delayed and difficult early diagnoses and poor prognosis[1,2]. The incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer are rising every year worldwide, and it is the 7^th and 4^th leading cause of mortality from all malignant tumors in China[3] and the United States[4], respectively. Surgical resection remains the major means of treatment for pancreatic cancer; however, the 5-year survival rate for patients undergoing a complete resection remains as low as 6%[5]. The key to improving the prognosis of pancreatic cancer mostly lies in early diagnosis and early treatment, which can be achieved by detection of relevant molecular markers among patients with high risk, followed by early and timely interventions[6-8].

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs with continuous, covalently closed circular structures, which have been further found to exhibit species conservation and tissue specificity[9]. With the emergence of next-generation sequencing, especially RNA sequencing technology, circRNAs have been found to be extensively expressed in the cytoplasm. In addition, they have been garnering attention because of their specificity of expression, complexity of regulation, and important role in pathogenesis of many diseases, especially cancer[10]. Unlike their linear counterparts, circRNAs are characterized by stable ring structure formed by a covalently closed continuous loop. Without free 3’ and 5’ ends, these molecules are not easily degraded by nucleases, which makes them ideal biomarkers for detection of disease[11]. Investigators have identified disease-specific patterns of circRNA expression, which can serve as biomarkers for diseases[12], especially cancer[10,13]. However, there has been little investigation into the association of circRNAs with pancreatic cancer.

In this study, we focused our investigation on circRNA-hsa_circ_0006988, whose gene is located at chr11:36248634-36248980. Its gene symbol is LDLRAD3 (low density lipoprotein receptor class A domain containing 3), therefore we will refer to circRNA-hsa_circ_0006988 as circ-LDLRAD3 instead of its original name in circBase[14] (http://www.circbase.org). We chose circ-LDLRAD3 as a target for further study because we previously identified that it may be up-regulated in a previous microarray screening (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE69362)[15] and associated with pancreatic cancer in circBase[14] and circ2Traits[16]. By expanding the sample size, we found that the expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 were higher in both pancreatic cancer tissues and plasma from patients with pancreatic cancer as compared to control samples. Moreover, up-regulated expression of circ-LDLRAD3 was significantly related to major clinicopathological factors of patients with pancreatic cancer. Our results make clear that circ-LDLRAD3 may serve as a biomarker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Clinical samples

Thirty samples of pancreatic cancer and their paired adjacent pancreatic tissues were obtained from patients with pancreatic cancer treated at Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University (Shenyang, China) from September 2016 to June 2017. Paired normal tissue samples were obtained 5 cm from the pancreatic cancer tissue and were confirmed to contain no tumor cells after evaluation by two experienced pathologists. All specimens were immediately stored in liquid nitrogen until use.

Peripheral blood samples (4 mL) were collected from another 31 patients with pancreatic cancer and 31 healthy volunteers prior to any medical interventions at Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University (Shenyang, China) from October 2016 to July 2017. Plasma samples were isolated as previously described. The anti-coagulant for peripheral blood samples was ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Clinical information was collected for all patients and healthy volunteers.

Tumors were staged according to the 8^th tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system drafted by the International Union Against Cancer. No patients received radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy before surgery. All patients and healthy volunteers provided written informed consent before the procedure. The Institutional Review Board of China Medical University approved this study based on the Helsinki Declaration.

Cell culture

The normal pancreatic cell lines, HPC-Y5 and HPDE6-C7, were obtained from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The pancreatic cancer cell lines, Capan-2, Panc-1, SW1990, and AsPC-1, were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, United States). HPC-Y5, HPDE6-C7, and Panc-1 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, United States); Capan-2 and AsPC-1 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, United States); and SW1990 cells were cultured in Leibovitz's L-15 medium (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, United States). All media contained 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, United States) and all cells were cultured in a humidified atmosphere consisting of 5% CO₂ and 95% air at 37 °C.

Total RNA extraction

Total RNA from all cell lines, pancreatic cancer tissues, and paired adjacent tissues was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States). Total RNA in plasma samples was extracted using a mirVana PARIS Kit (Ambion, Carlsbad, CA, United States) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Quantity and quality of RNA were determined spectrophotometrically at 260 nm and 280 nm. The integrity and contamination were confirmed using denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis.

Reverse transcription

Total RNA was reverse transcribed using a PrimeScript reagent kit with gRNA Eraser (Random primers) (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Sanger sequencing

To precisely examine the primer sequences of circ-LDLRAD3, Sanger sequencing was utilized. In brief, a T vector carrying the target fragment was utilized for Sanger sequencing in order to determine the back-spliced junction of circ-LDLRAD3. The following divergent primers were synthesized by Geneseed Biotech (Guangzhou, China): 5’-CTTGCTGGACCAGAGAAC-3’ (forward) and 5’-CATGAGGTTGTTCCGCTTC-3’ (reverse). Sanger sequencing was performed by the same company.

circ-LDLRAD3 detection using qRT-PCR

Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) was performed using a Roche 480II system (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) utilizing SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Tli RNaseH Plus) (Takara, Dalian, China), following the manufacturer-provided instructions. Primers for GAPDH were synthesized by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) as follows: 5’-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC-3’ (forward) and 5’-TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA-3’ (reverse). The data were analyzed using the comparative cycle threshold (ΔCT) method after three independent experiments. All results are expressed as the mean ± SD.

Serological tumor-associated marker analysis

Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured using a Roche E601 machine (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) with a cutoff value of 40 U/mL and 5 ng/mL, respectively.

Statistical analysis

All statistical data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States), GraphPad 7.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, United States), and SigmaPlot 12.5 (SigmaPlot Software, La Jolla, CA, United States). Differences in expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 between pancreatic cancer tissues and paired adjacent non-tumorous tissues were compared by using paired t-tests, and differences in expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 between plasma samples from patients with pancreatic cancer and those from healthy volunteers were compared by Student’s t-tests. A Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the association between circ-LDLRAD3 expression and patients’ clinicopathological factors. A Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was introduced to further calculate bivariate correlations. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was established to evaluate the diagnostic value of circ-LDLRAD3; the cutoff value of circ-LDLRAD3 was calculated using Youden index (specificity + sensitivity-1). The comparison of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was analyzed by Z-test. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Circ-LDLRAD3 expression is up-regulated in pancreatic cancer lines

Sanger sequencing of circLDLRAD3 qRT-PCR product was first conducted to determine the back-junction of circ-LDLRAD3. The results of the back-splice junction of circ-LDLRAD3 indicated there was no difference between our product and that found in CircBase (Figure 1A and B). Next, expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 were tested in normal pancreatic cell lines (HPC-Y5 and HPDE6-C7) and pancreatic cancer cell lines (Capan-2, Panc-1, SW1990, and AsPC-1). These results indicate that the relative expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 were higher in pancreatic cancer cell lines than in normal pancreatic cell lines (P < 0.01). In addition, the relative expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 in metastatic pancreatic cancer cell lines (SW1990 and AsPC-1) were higher than those in primary pancreatic cancer cell lines (Capan-2 and Panc-1) (P < 0.05) (Figure 1C).

Figure 1 Circ-LDLRAD3 expression levels in pancreatic cell lines and pancreatic cancer cell lines. A: Sanger sequencing of circ-LDLRAD3 showed the back-splice junction. B: The back-splice junction of circ-LDLRAD3 in CircBase. C: Relative expression of circ-LDLRAD3 in human pancreatic cell lines and pancreatic cancer cell lines. ^bP < 0.01 vs pancreatic cell lines (HPC-Y5 and HPDE6-C7); ^cP < 0.05 vs primary pancreatic cancer cell lines (Capan-2 and Panc-1).

Circ-LDLRAD3 expression is up-regulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and plasma of patients with pancreatic cancer

Expression of circ-LDLRAD3 was measured via qRT-PCR in 30 pancreatic cancer tissues compared with paired adjacent non-tumorous tissues and in plasma samples of patients with pancreatic cancer compared with healthy volunteers. Lower ΔCT values indicate higher expression of circ-LDLRAD3. As shown in Figure 2A, expression of circ-LDLRAD3 was up-regulated in pancreatic cancer tissues (P < 0.01), while expression of circ-LDLRAD3 in plasma samples with pancreatic cancer were higher than those in healthy volunteers (P < 0.01, Figure 2B).

Figure 2 The expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 in pancreatic cancer samples. A: The expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 in pancreatic cancer tissues and paired non-tumorous tissues (n = 30 each). Lower ΔCT value indicates higher expression of circ-LDLRAD3. B: The expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 in plasma samples of patients with pancreatic cancer and healthy controls (n = 31 each). ^bP < 0.01.

Upregulation of circ-LDLRAD3 is associated with clinicopathological factors in patients with pancreatic cancer

The above data demonstrated that circ-LDLRAD3 expression was significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and plasma samples of patients with pancreatic cancer; hence, we analyzed the association between circ-LDLRAD3 and clinicopathological factors of patients with pancreatic cancer.

As shown in Tables 1-3, in pancreatic cancer tissues, a strong association was observed between circ-LDLRAD3 expression and venous invasion (P = 0.025) and lymphatic invasion (P = 0.014). However, no association was found between circ-LDLRAD3 expression and other clinicopathological factors including age (P = 0.279), gender (P = 0.255), tumor diameter (P = 0.279), CA19-9 (P = 0.643), CEA (P = 0.88), clinical stage (P = 0.256), T classification (P = 0.274), N classification (P = 0.429), and metastasis (none). A Spearman analysis of correlation between circ-LDLRAD3 and various clinicopathological factors indicated that expression of circ-LDLRAD3 was correlated with clinical stage (P = 0.022), T classification (P = 0.003), venous invasion (P = 0.025), and lymphatic invasion (P = 0.008).

Table 1 Clinicopathological factors of patients’ tissue samples and expression of circ-LDLRAD3 in pancreatic cancer.

Characteristic	n (%)
Age (yr)
≥ 60	19 (63.3)
< 60	11 (36.7)
Gender
Male	9 (30)
Female	21 (70)
Tumor diameter (cm)
≤ 4	19 (63.3)
> 4	11 (36.7)
CA19-9
Positive	19 (63.3)
Negative	11 (36.7)
CEA
Positive	16 (56.7)
Negative	13 (43.3)
Clinical stage
IA	3 (10)
IB	10 (33.3)
IIA	7 (23.3)
IIB	9 (30)
III	1 (3.3)
IV	0 (0)
T classification
T1	3 (10)
T2	15 (50)
T3	11 (36.7)
T4	1 (3.3)
N classification
N0	20 (66.7)
N1	10 (33.3)
N2	0 (0)
Metastasis
M0	30 (100)
M1	0 (0)
Venous invasion
No	24 (80)
Yes	6 (20)
Lymphatic invasion
No	23 (76.7)
Yes	7 (23.3)
Expression of circ-LDLRAD3
Low expression	12 (40)
High expression	18 (60)

Table 2 Correlation between circ-LDLRAD3 expression and clinicopathological factors of pancreatic cancer patients (tissue samples).

Characteristic	Circ-LDLRAD3		P value
	Low or none, n	High, n
Age (yr)
≥ 60	9	10	0.279
< 60	3	8
Gender
Male	7	14	0.255
Female	5	4
Tumor diameter (cm)
≤ 4	9	10	0.279
> 4	3	8
CA19-9
Positive	5	6	0.643
Negative	7	12
CEA
Positive	5	8	0.88
Negative	7	10
Clinical stage
IA	2	1	0.256
IB	6	4
IIA	1	6
IIB	3	6
III	0	1
IV	0	0
T classification
T1	2	1	0.274
T2	8	8
T3	2	8
T4	0	1
N classification
N0	9	11	0.429
N1	3	7
N2	0	0
Metastasis
M0	12	18	None
M1	0	0
Venous invasion
No	12	12	0.025
Yes	0	6
Lymphatic invasion
No	12	11	0.014
Yes	0	7

Table 3 Spearman analysis of correlation between circ-LDLRAD3 and clinicopathological factors of pancreatic cancer patients (ΔCT values in tissues).

Variable	Circ-LDLRAD3 expression level
	Spearman correlation	P value
Age (yr)	-0.22	0.243
Gender	-0.122	0.521
Tumor diameter (cm)	-0.303	0.104
CA19-9	0.028	0.883
CEA	0.019	0.919
Clinical stage	-0.415	0.022
T classification	-0.519	0.003
N classification	-0.196	0.299
Metastasis	None	None
Venous invasion	-0.607	< 0.001
Lymphatic invasion	-0.478	0.008

In the plasma of patients with pancreatic cancer (Tables 4-6), circ-LDLRAD3 levels were significantly associated with CA19-9 (P = 0.03), N classification (P = 0.049), venous invasion (P = 0.005), and lymphatic invasion (0.014). No association was found between circ-LDLRAD3 and age, gender, tumor diameter, CEA, clinical stage, T classification, or metastasis. In Spearman analysis, circ-LDLRAD3 expression was correlated with clinical stage (P < 0.001), metastasis (P = 0.004), venous invasion (P = 0.029), and lymphatic invasion (P < 0.001).

Table 4 Clinicopathological factors of plasma samples of patients with pancreatic cancer and expression of circ-LDLRAD3.

Characteristic	n (%)
Age (yr)
≥ 60	15 (48.4)
< 60	16 (51.6)
Gender
Male	19 (61.3)
Female	12 (38.7)
Tumor diameter (cm)
≤ 4	21 (67.7)
> 4	10 (32.3)
CA19-9
Positive	25 (87.1)
Negative	4 (12.9)
CEA
Positive	10 (32.3)
Negative	21 (67.7)
Clinical stage
IA	5 (16.1)
IB	6 (19.4)
IIA	6 (19.4)
IIB	5 (16.1)
III	6 (19.4)
IV	3 (9.7)
T classification
T1	5 (16.1)
T2	15 (48.4)
T3	9 (29.0)
T4	2 (6.5)
N classification
N0	21 (67.7)
N1	6 (19.4)
N2	4 (12.9)
Metastasis
M0	28 (90.3)
M1	3 (9.7)
Venous invasion
No	19 (61.3)
Yes	12 (38.7)
Lymphatic invasion
No	21 (67.7)
Yes	10 (32.3)
Expression of circ-LDLRAD3
Low expression	9 (29)
High expression	22 (71)

Table 5 Correlation between circ-LDLRAD3 expression and clinicopathological factors of pancreatic cancer patients (plasma samples).

Characteristic	Circ-LDLRAD3		P value
	Low or one, n	High, n
Age (yr)
≥ 60	5	10	0.609
< 60	4	12
Gender
Male	5	14	0.675
Female	4	8
Tumor diameter (cm)
≤ 4	6	15	0.935
> 4	3	7
CA19-9
Positive	6	21	0.030
Negative	3	1
CEA
Positive	5	5	0.076
Negative	4	17
Clinical stage
IA	3	2	0.060
IB	3	3
IIA	3	3
IIB	0	5
III	0	6
IV	0	3
T classification
T1	3	2	0.282
T2	3	12
T3	3	6
T4	0	2
N classification
N0	9	12	0.049
N1	0	6
N2	0	4
Metastasis
M0	9	19	0.244
M1	0	3
Venous invasion
No	9	10	0.005
Yes	0	12
Lymphatic invasion
No	9	12	0.014
Yes	0	10

Table 6 Correlation between circ-LDLRAD3 expression and clinicopathological factors of pancreatic cancer patients (ΔCT values in plasma samples).

Variable	Circ-LDLRAD3 expression level
	Spearman correlation	P value
Age (yr)	-0.108	0.562
Gender	0.059	0.752
Tumor diameter (cm)	-0.102	0.584
CA19-9	-0.398	0.027
CEA	-0.085	0.650
Clinical stage	-0.603	< 0.001
T classification	-0.129	0.491
N classification	-0.271	0.140
Metastasis	-0.5	0.004
Venous invasion	-0.392	0.029
Lymphatic invasion	-0.611	< 0.001

Potential diagnostic value of circ-LDLRAD3 as a biomarker in pancreatic cancer

To identify whether circ-LDLRAD3 can serve as a biomarker in pancreatic cancer, ΔCT values were further evaluated. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.67; the cutoff value, sensitivity, and specificity were 9.315, 0.5738, and 0.7049, respectively. When combined with CA19-9, the AUC was increased to 0.87 and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.8033 and 0.9355, respectively (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Receiver operating characteristic curves of circ-LDLRAD3 alone or in combination with CA19-9.

DISCUSSION

There have been few recent therapeutic advances in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. For more than 10 years, surgery and chemotherapy with gemcitabine have been the standard treatment methods[17-19]; yet, only 13%-15% of patients with pancreatic cancer are likely to undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy[20]. Furthermore, patients with pancreatic cancer are prone to experience multidrug chemotherapy resistance[21]. There are several challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. First, there is difficulty in making an early diagnosis. The pathological and biological characteristics of pancreatic cancer result in early symptoms which lack specificity[22]. Distant metastases have already occurred in roughly 50% of patients with pancreatic cancer at the time of treatment while the resection rate was only 15%[23]. Second, the heterogeneity of pancreatic cancer makes it difficult to treat. Whole genome analysis of pancreatic cancer shows that 12 core signaling pathways have genetic changes. Alterations in multiple genes and multiple pathways increase the difficulty of achieving effective treatment, resulting in poor prognoses[20,24]. Therefore, the key to the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer lies in early detection and diagnosis. Risk assessment of pancreatic cancer-relevant molecular markers in patients and early and timely intervention to prevent deterioration will have a positive effect on the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer[25,26].

CircRNAs are a novel class of RNAs with O-shaped closed structure that exist in the living cells. Unlike traditional linear RNA molecules, circRNAs are resistant to degradation by exonuclease and RNases because there are no 5’-end, 3’-end, or even poly(A) tail[27]. Hence, circRNA can stably exist in cells for a long period of time. Furthermore, circRNA molecules in human cells are ten-fold more numerous that the number of homogenetic linear isomer RNA molecules[28]. CircRNA molecules have highly conserved sequences, a stable existence, and tissue-specific expression; circRNAs have been demonstrated to regulate gene expression in post-transcriptional ways[29]. For example, circRNAs can act as microRNA (miRNA) sponges. Li et al[30] reported that circ-ITCH competitively sponged miRNA-7, miRNA-17, and miRNA-214, leading to higher expression of the ITCH gene. The ITCH gene product has been shown to inhibit Dvl2 phosphorylation and, furthermore, to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway to prevent tumorigenesis in the esophagus[30]. In addition, many differentially expressed circRNAs have been investigated in tissue, blood[31], saliva[32], and other bodily fluid[33] samples, suggesting that circRNA molecules can serve as biomarkers in many diseases including diabetes mellitus[34], coronary artery disease[35], and cancer[10]. CircRNAs, together with other known biomarkers, may be able to improve the accuracy of specificity of diagnosis in certain diseases. However, little work has been published thus far regarding the role of circRNAs in pancreatic cancer.

This is the first study to report the expression pattern of circ-LDLRAD3 and its diagnostic value in pancreatic cancer. The expression of circ-LDLRAD3 was higher in pancreatic cancer cell lines, pancreatic cancer tissues, and plasma samples of patients with pancreatic cancer when compared to matched control samples. Moreover, the expression of circ-LDLRAD3 in metastatic pancreatic cell lines was higher than that in primary cell lines and there was a strong correlation between circ-LDLRAD3 expression and venous and lymphatic invasion in both tissues and plasma samples. Interestingly, in plasma samples, circ-LDLRAD3 was found to be associated with metastasis. Considering that there were no pancreatic cancer tissue samples with metastasis in the 30 patients tested, we strongly believe that the expression of circ-LDLRAD3 correlates with venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, and metastasis. These data indicate that circ-LDLRAD3 has potential to be a novel biomarker of metastatic pancreatic cancer with invasion potential.

This study provides a new avenue for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, which has traditionally been clinically difficult[32]. The sensitivity and specificity of tumor marker CA19-9 in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer are 79%-81% and 82%-90%, respectively. However, about 3%-7% of pancreatic cancer patients are Lewis antigen negative and also do not express CA19-9; abnormal CA19-9 levels are not detected in this type of patients[20,36,37]. In this study, serum levels of circ-LDLRAD3 were found to be closely related to blood CA19-9 levels. Compared with the diagnostic value of circ-LDLRAD3 alone in pancreatic cancer, whose AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.67, 0.5738, and 0.7049, respectively, the combination of circ-LDLRAD3 and CA19-9 increased the diagnostic value, with corresponding values for AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.87, 0.8033, and 0.9355, respectively. These results suggest that circ-LDLRAD3 has potential as a novel biomarker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

However, due to the limited number of available tissue and plasma samples from patients with pancreatic cancer, only 30 paired pancreatic cancer tissues and 31 matched plasma samples were analyzed. Studies utilizing a large number of samples in multiple centers should be implemented in future. The study of circ-LDLRAD3 function in pancreatic cancer is also likely to improve the understanding of the occurrence and progression mechanisms of pancreatic cancer.

In conclusion, our data indicate that circ-LDLRAD3 expression was significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines, pancreatic cancer tissues, and pancreatic cancer plasma samples. Furthermore, circ-LDLRAD3 expression was correlated with lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, circ-LDLRAD3 has potential as a novel biomarker indicative of tumor invasion capacity in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy with a very poor prognosis. There have been few recent therapeutic advances in the treatment of pancreatic cancer for more than 10 years. The key to improving the prognosis of pancreatic cancer mostly lies in early diagnosis and early treatment. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs characterized by stable ring structure formed by a covalently closed continuous loop, which makes them stable in cells, tissues, and body fluid. Therefore, they can serve as ideal biomarkers for detection of diseases, especially cancer. This study indicates that circ-LDLRAD3 has potential as a novel biomarker indicative of tumor invasion capacity in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Research motivation

This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the diagnostic value of a new circular RNA, circ-LDLRAD3, in pancreatic cancer. And research data suggest that circ-LDLRAD3 may be used as a biomarker in pancreatic cancer diagnosis.

Research objectives

The main objectives in this study were pancreatic cancer and a new circular RNA, circ-LDLRAD3. The results showed that the expression level of circ-LDLRAD3 was up-regulated in pancreatic cancer and it can serve as a biomarker in pancreatic cancer.

Research methods

The expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 were detected using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in pancreatic cancer cell lines, normal pancreatic cell lines, paired pancreatic cancer tissues and adjacent non-tumorous tissues, and plasma samples from patients with pancreatic cancer and healthy volunteers. The relationship between circ-LDLRAD3 expression and patients’ clinicopathological factors was analyzed, the diagnostic value of circ-LDLRAD3 was further calculated alone and combined with CA19-9.

Research results

Our study found that expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 were up-regulated in pancreatic cell lines, pancreatic cancer tissues, and plasma samples from pancreatic cancer patients. It may serve as a new biomarker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Studies utilizing a large number of samples in multiple centers should be implemented in future. The study of circ-LDLRAD3 function in pancreatic cancer is also likely to improve the understanding of the occurrence and progression mechanisms of pancreatic cancer.

Research conclusions

This study indicated that the expression of a new circular RNA, circ-LDLRAD3, was significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines, pancreatic cancer tissues, and pancreatic cancer plasma samples. Furthermore, circ-LDLRAD3 expression was correlated with lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, circ-LDLRAD3 has potential as a novel biomarker indicative of tumor invasion capacity in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. It is highly believed that the key to improving the prognosis of pancreatic cancer mostly lies in early diagnosis and early treatment. Therefore, searching for ideal biomarkers is essential. Circular RNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs which are stable because of their unique circular structure. Previous studies have confirmed that some circRNAs can serve as biomarkers in certain diseases. In this study, we focused a new circular RNA, circ-LDLRAD3, and hypothesized that expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 were up-regulated in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, this study verified the hypothesis and found that expression levels of circ-LDLRAD3 were significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines, pancreatic cancer tissues, and pancreatic cancer plasma samples, whose expression levels were correlated with lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, circ-LDLRAD3 may be a new biomarker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Research perspectives

This is the first study to report the expression pattern of circ-LDLRAD3 and its diagnostic value in pancreatic cancer and provides a new avenue for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. However, due to the limited number of available tissue and plasma samples from patients with pancreatic cancer, studies utilizing a large number of samples in multiple centers should be implemented in future. The study of circ-LDLRAD3 function in pancreatic cancer is also likely to improve the understanding of the occurrence and progression mechanisms of pancreatic cancer. And more types of circular RNAs and their relationship with pancreatic cancer should be verified in the future research.