Gallbladder cancer epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular genetics: Recent update

Table 7 Aberrant promoter methylation gene studies summary in gallbladder cancer

Gene	Full name	Function	Meth Freq	Population	Ref.
CDH1	Cadherin 1, type 1,	Tissue invasion (cell-cell adhesion)	11%-65%	Japan, Chile	[194-200]
	E-cadherin (epithelial)
FHIT	Fragile histidine triad gene	Regulation of DNA Replication, and apoptosis	30%-57%	Chile	[81,193-195,199]
APC	Adenomatous polyposis coli	Tumor suppressor gene (Cell migration, adhesion and apoptosis)	26%-35%	Chile, United States	[81,194,195,198,199]
hMLH1	Human homologs of	Mismatch repair	0%-14%	Chile, United States	[81,193-195,199]
	MutL gene of bacteria
p16	Cyclin-dependent kinase	Cell cycle regulation	15%-60%	Chile, United States, Germany	[81,82,195,197-199,201,202]
	inhibitor 2A
p15	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B	Cell cycle regulation	22%-44%	Chile	[81,198]
DAPK1	Death-associated protein kinase 1	Serine-threonine kinase	8%-61%	Japan, Chile	[81,197,198]
DLC1	Deleted in liver cancer 1	GTPase-activating protein	39%	Chile	[81]
RASSF1	RAS association domain family protein 1A	Signal transduction	0%-36%	Japan, Chile South Korea	[81,193,197,198,203]
MGMT	O-6-methylguanine-DNAmethyltransferase	Methyltransferase	13%-30%	Chile, United States	[81,195]
CDH13	CDH13 Cadherin 13, H-cadherin(heart)	Tissue invasion (cell-cell adhesion)	44%-70%	Chile	[81,198]
TIMP3	Metallopeptidase inhibitor 3	Degradation of extracellular matrix	0%-39%	Chile	[81,198]
GSTP1	Glutathione S-transferase pi 1	Conjugation of hydrophobic and electrophilic compounds	13%	Chile	[198]
RARβ2	Retinoic acid receptor, beta	Encodes retinoic acid receptor beta	4%-44%	Chile, United States	[81,198]
REPRIMO	TP53 dependent G2 arrest mediator candidate	Cell cycle regulation (p53 mediator)	62%	Chile	[204]
SHP1	Protein tyrosine phosphatase,	Regulate cell growth,	80%	Chile	[198]
	non-receptor type 6	differentiation, mitotic cycle
3-OST-2	Heparan sulfate (glucosamine)	Osulfotransferase	72%	Chile	[198]
	3-O-sulfotransferase 2
RUNX3	Runt-related transcription factor 3	TGF-beta signal pathway	22%-32%	Chile	[197,198]
RIZ1	PR domain containing 2, with ZNF domain	Histone/protein methyltransferase	26%	Chile	[198]
HPP1	Transmembrane protein with EGF-like and two follistatin-like domains 2	TGF-beta signal pathway	20%		[198]
P73	Tumor protein p73	Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle regulation	14%-28%	Chile, United States	[81,198]
SOCS-1	Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1	JAK-STAT pathway	12%	Chile	[198]
DCR2	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10d	TNF-receptor superfamily	6%	Chile	[198]
SEMA3B	Sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted,(semaphorin) 3B	Induction of apoptosis	92%	Chile	[193]
DUTT1	Human homolog of	Cell migration and metastasis	22%	Chile	[193]
	Drosophila Roundabout
	(ROBO1)
BLU	Zinc finger, MYND-type containing 10	Cell cycle regulation	26%	Chile	[193]
p14	Ribonuclease P/MRP 14 kDa subunit	Cell cycle regulation	40%	Germany	[201]
MASPIN	Mammary serine protease inhibitor	Tumor suppressor gene	70%	India	[205]
THBS1	Thrombospondin 1	Platelet aggregation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis	52%
HLTF	Helicase-like transcription factor	Regulate transcription	16%
MYC	V-Myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Homolog transcription factor	Cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cellular transformation	80%	Brazil	[206]
APC	Adenomatous polyposis coli	Tumor suppressor gene	71%-95%	Chile	[207]
CDKN2A	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Cell cycle
ESR1	Estrogen receptor 1	Transcription factor
PGP9.5	Protein gene product 9.5	Neural and/or nerve sheath differentiation
SSBP2	Single-stranded DNA-binding protein 2	Microsatellite instability
PGP9.5	Protein gene product 9.5	Neural and/or nerve sheath differentiation	27.2%	South Korea	[208]
MLH1, CDKN2A	MutL homolog 1	Mismatch repair	5%	Chile	[194]
	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Cell cycle	35%
FHIT	Fragile histidine triad protein	Purine metabolism	21%
APC	Adenomatous polyposis coli	Tumor suppressor genes	25%
CDH1	Cadherin-1	Cell cycle	66%