Published online Oct 21, 2013. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i39.6590
Revised: July 29, 2013
Accepted: August 5, 2013
Published online: October 21, 2013
AIM: To investigate the weight loss and glycemic control status [blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and hypoglycaemic treatment].
METHODS: The primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes is obesity, and 90% of all patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. Although a remarkable effect of bariatric surgery is the profound and durable resolution of type 2 diabetes clinical manifestations, little is known about the difference among various weight loss surgical procedures on diabetes remission. Data from patients referred during a 3-year period (from January 2009 to December 2011) to the University of Naples “Federico II” diagnosed with obesity and diabetes were retrieved from a prospective database. The patients were split into two groups according to the surgical intervention performed [sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and mini-gastric bypass (MGB)]. Weight loss and glycemic control status (blood glucose, HbA1c and hypoglycaemic treatment) were evaluated.
RESULTS: A total of 53 subjects who underwent sleeve gastrectomy or mini-gastric bypass for obesity and diabetes were screened for the inclusion in this study. Of these, 4 subjects were excluded because of surgical complications, 7 subjects were omitted because young surgeons conducted the operations and 11 subjects were removed because of the lack of follow-up. Thirty-one obese patients were recruited for this study. A total of 15 subjects underwent SG (48.4%), and 16 underwent MGB (51.6%). After adjusting for various clinical and demographic characteristics in a multivariate logistic regression analysis, high hemoglobin A1c was determined to be a negative predictor of diabetes remission at 12 mo (OR = 0.366, 95%CI: 0.152-0.884). Using the same regression model, MGB showed a clear trend toward higher diabetes remission rates relative to SG (OR = 3.780, 95%CI: 0.961-14.872).
CONCLUSION: Although our results are encouraging regarding the effectiveness of mini-gastric bypass on diabetes remission, further studies are needed to provide definitive conclusions in selecting the ideal procedure for diabetes remission.
Core tip: Duodenum exclusion could suggest the potential superiority of mini-gastric bypass over sleeve gastrectomy to obtain diabetes remission. This mechanism could suggest the potential superiority of mini-gastric bypass over sleeve gastrectomy to obtain diabetes remission. Thus, although the gold standard for diabetes remission is still the Roux-en-y gastric by pass, being similar mechanisms of diabetes remission involved and being easier to be performed, the mini-gastric by pass could become a valuable alternative.
- Citation: Milone M, Di Minno MND, Leongito M, Maietta P, Bianco P, Taffuri C, Gaudioso D, Lupoli R, Savastano S, Milone F, Musella M. Bariatric surgery and diabetes remission: Sleeve gastrectomy or mini-gastric bypass? World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(39): 6590-6597
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i39/6590.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i39.6590
Severe obesity is one of the major problems in Western Countries and is associated with several comorbidities and disabling diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, fertility, certain tumor types and increased mortality)[1-6].
One of the major comorbidities of obesity is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In fact, the term “diabesity”[7] has been introduced to refer to obesity accompanied by T2DM.
With the exception of nutritional and some pharmacological treatments, bariatric surgery is performed more and more frequently as the treatment of choice in patients with severe obesity.
The efficacy of these surgical procedures in weight control has been widely described in several studies. Additionally, one of the most relevant corollary effects reported following bariatric surgery is T2DM remission.
A variety of surgical procedures are available and, currently, it is difficult to identify the most effective option based on patient characteristics and comorbidities. Furthermore, little is known regarding the effect of the various surgical procedures on glycemic control and on T2DM remission[8-11] .
The aim of this study is to compare the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass (MGB) in terms of T2DM remission.
Data from patients referred during a 3-year period (from January 2009 to December 2011) to the University of Naples “Federico II” diagnosed with obesity and diabetes were retrieved from a prospective database.
Only patients who underwent uneventful laparoscopic SG or MGB with a follow-up of at least 1 year were included.
The patients were split into two groups according to the surgical intervention performed (SG and MGB).
Medical records were reviewed to collect the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. According to standard procedures[12], the study population was stratified based on abdominal obesity [body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2], triglycerides levels (equal to or > 150 mg/dL), HDL-cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL for men and 50 mg/dL for women with total cholesterol values > 200 mg/dL), blood pressure (systolic blood pressure equal to or > 130 and/or diastolic > 85 mmHg) and fasting glucose levels (equal to or > 110 mg/dL).
Diagnosis of T2DM was made according to the American Diabetes Association guidelines. T2DM remission was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level below 126 mg/dL in the absence of hypoglycemic drugs.
The indications for treating these patients were the same as those published in the Italian Society for Bariatric Surgery guidelines[13]. Following the failure of a non-operative weight reduction program that included diet and other interventions (e.g., behavioral modification, psychotherapy, dietary counseling, or physical training), bariatric surgery plays a critical role in patient outcome when the BMI is > 40 kg/m2 or is > 35 kg/m2 combined with serious co-existing conditions.
Only surgical procedures performed by an expert surgeon (more than 500 laparoscopic surgical procedures) were included in the analysis.
Prevention of surgical site infection and perioperative antiplatelet drug administration were managed according to validated criteria[14,15].
For the sleeve gastrectomy procedure, 75%-80% of the greater curvature was excised, leaving a narrow stomach tube of 38F. Single-loop gastric bypass was performed, which consisted of constructing a 40-70 mL sleeve gastric pouch with a jejunal exclusion of 200-220 cm. All procedures were performed using a laparoscopic approach[16-18].
Following surgery, clinical controls were performed once a month for the first 3 postoperative months and every 3 mo thereafter.
At each follow-up visit, weight loss and glycemic control status [blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and hypoglycemic treatment] were evaluated. Diabetes remission was defined as HbA1c values less than 6.5 without the use of oral hypoglycemic treatment or insulin[11,19].
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 17 system (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). Continuous data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and categorical variables were expressed as the percent changes. To compare continuous variables, an independent and/or paired sample t test was performed, and correlation was assessed using the Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients (r). Changes in BMI, glycemia and HbA1c were expressed as the percent changes vs baseline values. The χ2 test was used to analyze categorical data. When the minimum expected value was < 5, the Fisher’s exact test was used. To adjust for major covariates and to generate predictions, a logistic regression (stepwise) model was applied, with diabetes remission at 12 mo as the dependent variable and gender, age, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, current hypoglycemia treatment, BMI baseline value, glycemia and HbA1c as independent variables. All of the results are presented as 2-tailed values with statistical significance defined as P values < 0.05.
A total of 53 subjects who underwent sleeve gastrectomy or mini-gastric bypass for obesity and diabetes were screened for the inclusion in this study. Of these, 4 subjects were excluded because of surgical complications, 7 subjects were omitted because young surgeons conducted the operations and 11 subjects were removed because of the lack of follow-up. Thus, a total of 31 obese patients (15 males and 16 females; mean age: 38.32 ± 3.21 years; BMI: 44.78 ± 4.25 kg/m2) were recruited for this study. All patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes [15 (48.4%) on metformin and 16 (51.6%) on metformin + insulin], 18 subjects (58.1%) reported hypertension and 8 presented with hypercholesterolemia. The mean glycemia value was 169.87 ± 35.76, and the mean HbA1c level was 8.5 ± 1.0. A total of 15 subjects underwent SG (48.4%), and 16 patients underwent MGB (51.6%). Major clinical and demographic characteristics of the study population stratified according to type of surgery are reported in Table 1.
| Sleeve (n = 15) | Mini-bypass (n = 16) | P value | |
| Age | 37.26 ± 3.7 | 39.3 ± 2.3 | 0.076 |
| Male gender | 7 (46.7) | 8 (50.0) | 1.000 |
| BMI | 43.6 ± 2.99 | 45.8 ± 5.0 | 0.140 |
| Diabetes treatment | |||
| Metformin ± insulin | 7 (46.7) | 9 (56.3) | 0.724 |
| Metformin | 8 (53.3) | 7 (43.7) | |
| Glycemia | 161.4 ± 31.4 | 177.8 ± 38.6 | 0.207 |
| HbA1c | 8.6 ± 1.0 | 8.47 ± 1.1 | 0.782 |
| Hypertension | 8 (53.3) | 10 (62.5) | 0.722 |
| Diabetes | 15 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 1.000 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 4 (26.6) | 4 (25.0) | 1.000 |
After surgical intervention, a significant and consistent reduction in BMI, glycemia and HbA1c values were observed relative to the baseline values (Figure 1). Stratifying for type of surgery, SG and MGB were associated with similar percent changes in BMI (-24.33 ± 4.48 vs -24.19 ± 4.42, P = 0.931), glycemia (-24.30 ± 11.40 vs -28.42 ± 14.03, P = 0.379) and HbA1c (-22.57 ± 8.70 vs -22.67 ± 8.46, P = 0.975).
Overall, significant correlations were not detected in the percent change from baseline to 12-mo follow-up between BMI and glycemia, as well as between BMI and HbA1c (Figure 2). Additionally, the same results were confirmed after stratifying based on the type of surgery. Indeed, the percent change in BMI did not correlate with changes in glycemia (r = -0.119, P = 0.673 for SG and r = 0.462, P = 0.071 for MGB) or with changes in HbA1c (r = -0.349, P = 0.202 for SG and r = -0.018, P = 0.946 for MGB).
As shown in Figure 3, the prevalence of diabetes remission was gradually increased following surgery, regardless of the type.
Specifically, at 3 mo post-surgical intervention, diabetes remission was reported by 18 subjects (53.3% in SG vs 62.5% in MGB, P = 0.722). Similar results were confirmed at the 6-mo follow-up (53.3% for SG vs 68.8% for MGB, P = 0.473)
At the 12-mo follow-up, 66.7% of subjects who underwent SG achieved diabetes remission vs 87.5% of those who underwent MGB (P = 0.220).
Interestingly, the percent change in BMI was similar between patients achieving diabetes remission and patients who did not (-24.28 ± 4.33 vs -24.15 ± 4.53, respectively, P = 0.97).
After adjusting for various clinical and demographic characteristics in a multivariate logistic regression analysis, a high HbA1c was considered a negative predictor of diabetes remission at 12 mo (OR = 0.366, 95%CI: 0.152-0.884). Using the same regression model, MGB showed a clear trend towards a higher diabetes remission rate relative to SG (OR = 3.780, 95%CI: 0.961-14.872).
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has markedly increased in the last decade, both in the United States[20-23] and globally[24-26]. These data are correlated with a comparably steep increase in the prevalence of obesity[27-29]. The primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes is obesity, and 90% of all patients with type 2 diabetes are either overweight or obese[30,31]. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988-1994) data demonstrated that the risk for chemical diabetes is approximately 50% with a BMI of greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 and over 90% with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or more[32]. The Nurses’ Health Study that was conducted on 84941 women (1980-1996) showed that the relative risk of diabetes increased approximately 40-fold as the BMI increased from less than 23 kg/m2 to more than 35 kg/m2[33].
Morbid obesity has been defined by the National Institutes of Health as a BMI of greater than or equal to 40 kg/m2 or greater than or equal to 35 kg/m2 in the presence of obesity comorbidities[13,19,20].
The prevalence of people who are overweight or obese has increased dramatically in high-income countries during the past 20 years. The World Health Organization estimates that 54.3% of women and 51.7% of men in the United States will be obese (BMI 30 kg/m2) in 2015.
Obesity is notoriously difficult to manage. Diet, behavioral therapy, exercise, and pharmacologic intervention have traditionally been used but generally yield modest results. Additionally, weight regain is a common problem. In cases of failed medical therapy, bariatric surgery should be considered the treatment of choice for severe obesity[34].
Surgical treatment of obesity is a rapidly growing area of surgical practice, reflecting the ability of bariatric surgery to achieve significant and durable weight loss, as well as the evolution of safer, less-invasive procedures[35-37].
A remarkable effect of bariatric surgery is the profound and durable resolution of type 2 diabetes clinical manifestations. In a meta-analysis of 134 studies that reported comorbidity resolution (2738 citations), bariatric surgery followed by resolution of type 2 diabetes was observed in 48% of patients who underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, 84% of patients who underwent gastric bypass, and 98% of patients who underwent biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch[38]. These data were based on reports from 22094 patients from January 1, 1990 to June 5, 2003.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is considered the gold standard bariatric procedure for achieving diabetes remission.
To explain the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of gastric bypass procedures in normalizing glycemia, it has been suggested that removal of the gut may play a major role in diabetes remission, especially because important hormones are secreted from this region. In 2009, Cummings reviewed the existing hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying diabetes remission. Based on this review, the main hypotheses include the ghrelin hypothesis, the upper intestinal hypothesis and the lower intestinal hypothesis. The ghrelin hypothesis[39] maintains that gherlin regulation may be disturbed following RYGB. Ghrelin is a hormone secreted by the stomach and proximal small bowel, particularly before meals. Its main physiological effects include increased appetite and fat mass increase[40]. In support of the ghrelin hypothesis, several studies have shown that ghrelin levels are very low following RYGB. Diminished ghrelin secretion can decrease appetite and food intake, and reduced secretion might also have a role in increasing glucose tolerance, as ghrelin can stimulate counter-regulatory hormones[41]. The lower intestinal hypothesis claims that intestinal shortcuts, created by bariatric surgery, expedite delivery of ingested nutrients and increase glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release. GLP-1 is an incretin, defined as a peptide secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells. These cells are found throughout the small intestine and at a high density in the ileum. GLP-1 increases insulin secretion and has also been shown to increase proliferation and decrease apoptosis of beta-cells[42]. Both RYGB and BPD create gastrointestinal shortcuts, and studies have shown that postprandial GLP-1 secretion is increased post-surgery[43,44]. Therefore, it seems reasonable that, following surgery, GLP-1 secretion may be enhanced, leading to enhanced insulin secretion. This mechanism could also explain the increase in β-cell mass that is thought to accompany post-RYGB hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia[45]. The upper intestinal hypothesis maintains that avoiding nutrient contacts with the duodenum is somehow key in the process through which diabetes is improved. The basis of this hypothesis is that unknown factors or processes from the duodenum influence glucose homeostasis[39]. Rubino and Marescaux[46] were the first to provide support for this hypothesis. They experimented on a variant of RYGB creating the intestinal bypass but leaving the stomach intact, which induced the same digestive discontinuation without reanastomosis. This surgery, termed duodenal-jejunal bypass, was tested in several studies showing an improvement in T2DM without reduction in body weight[41]. These studies suggest that the exclusion of the proximal intestine may play a role in diabetes remission.
Interestingly, sleeve gastrectomy and mini-gastric bypass have emerged as new and effective weight loss procedures[8-11,16-18,47,48].
There is increasing evidence indicating that SG causes early and significant improvements in glucose homeostasis in most morbidly obese subjects with T2DM[49-52].
A systematic review of the existing literature showed that SG results in T2DM resolution ranging from 80% to 96% in morbidly obese subjects[50], a range similar to that in patients following RYGBP[38].
Similarly, laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass is reported to be a safe alternative to LRYGB, showing comparable efficacy in weight reduction and resolution of metabolic complications, including diabetes[52-54].
Both short-term[55-57] and long-term[58,59] follow-up confirmed the durable effect of this simplified procedure for obese or morbidly obese patients with T2DM.
Laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass in morbidly obese patients with T2DM has been shown to be effective in prospective randomized controlled trials[55], as well as in extensive reports in the literature[54-59].
Gherlin regulation is disturbed following the sleeve gastrectomy procedure. SG was also reported to have a hindgut effect with increasing levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY due to the increased transit time after SG[60].
Because construction of the sleeve gastric pouch is the first step of this technique, similar mechanisms are involved in mini-gastric bypass procedure.
The only region unaffected by SG was on the foregut. Specifically, the upper intestine was not in contact with ingested nutrients in the GB-treated group, while contact was made in the SG-treated group.
Recently, Lee et al[9] published the first comparative study between sleeve gastrectomy and mini-gastric bypass to determine the efficacy of these treatments on diabetic control. Their results strongly support the hypothesis that duodenal exclusion may play a role in diabetes mellitus resolution following bariatric surgery in overweight patients.
Our findings extend the observations of Lee to severely obese patients. Unlike the study conducted by Lee et al[9], we only enrolled patients diagnosed with severe obesity and a clear indication to bariatric surgery. Despite this difference in the recruited patient population, our results also confirm that MGB is associated with better glycemic control and a higher rate of diabetes remission.
Although we observed a clear trend in our study, this did not achieve statistical significance. A multivariate analysis was performed to adjust for major clinical and demographic variables, but because of the relatively small sample size, our results need to be validated in larger studies. Thus, the present work could be considered a preliminary study, providing the rationale for a randomized prospective trial.
Further supporting this hypothesis, we reported that BMI changes were similar between patients achieving diabetes remission and patients not attaining remission. This finding suggests that diabetes remission may be independent from weight loss and that the type of surgery may play a more relevant role. These results combined with the evidence that weight loss is similar following the sleeve gastrectomy and mini-gastric bypass procedures may still support the theory suggested by Lee et al[9]. Consequently, if we exclude the role of weight loss and both the ghrelin and hindgut theories, the only remaining theory to explain the different results is the foregut (duodenal exclusion).
Overall, this mechanism suggests a potential superiority of the mini-gastric bypass over the sleeve gastrectomy in obtaining diabetes remission, but further data are needed to make this conclusion.
While the gold standard for diabetes remission remains the Roux-en-y gastric bypass because similar mechanisms of diabetes remission may be involved and the procedure is easier to perform, the mini-gastric bypass could become a valuable alternative.
Although our results appear to be encouraging and support mini-gastric bypass as an effective treatment strategy for diabetes remission, further studies are needed to allow for definitive conclusions regarding the ideal procedure for obtaining diabetes remission.
A remarkable effect of bariatric surgery is the profound and durable resolution of type 2 diabetes clinical manifestations. Interestingly, although both sleeve gastrectomy and mini-gastric bypass have emerged as new and effective weight loss procedures, the duodenal exclusion (involved in the mini-gastric bypass) may play a role in diabetes mellitus resolution.
The encouraging results obtained in this study with the mini-gastric bypass provide the rationale for a future randomized prospective trial to validate the effectiveness of this surgical technique.
Their results confirm that mini-gastric bypass is associated with better glycemic control and higher diabetes remission rates relative to sleeve gastrectomy. The gold standard for diabetes remission remains Roux-en-y gastric bypass. However being similar mechanisms of diabetes remission involved and being easier to be performed, the mini-gastric by pass could become a valuable alternative.
Mini-gastric bypass should be considered an effective weight loss procedure in diabetic patients.
The results are interesting and suggest that the effectiveness of mini-gastric bypass on diabetes remission, further studies are needed to provide definitive conclusions in selecting the ideal procedure for diabetes remission.
P- Reviewers Koch TR, Wig JD S- Editor Gou SX L- Editor A E- Editor Zhang DN
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