Sun LM, Shang Y, Zeng YM, Deng YY, Cheng JF. HOGG1 polymorphism in atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16(35): 4476-4482 [PMID: 20845517 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i35.4476]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Jian-Feng Cheng, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States. jcheng794@gmail.com
Article-Type of This Article
Brief Article
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Lei-Min Sun, Yan Shang, Ya-Min Zeng, Yan-Yong Deng, Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
Ya-Min Zeng, the First People’ Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang Province, China
Jian-Feng Cheng, Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
ORCID number: $[AuthorORCIDs]
Author contributions: Sun LM performed the whole study and wrote the manuscript; Shang Y, Zeng YM and Deng YY performed the study; Cheng JF supervised the study, did the statistical analysis and wrote the manuscript.
Supported by The grants from the Education Department of Zhejiang Province, China, No. Y200803495; Zhejiang Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China, No. 2008CA058; Qianjiang Talent Project of Science and Technology, China, No. 2008R10022
Correspondence to: Jian-Feng Cheng, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States. jcheng794@gmail.com
Telephone: +1-804-8280601 Fax: +1-804-8282037
Received: February 26, 2010 Revised: June 5, 2010 Accepted: June 12, 2010 Published online: September 21, 2010
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the association between Ser326Cys human oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) polymorphism and atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication.
METHODS: A total of 488 subjects (73 patients with gastric cancer, 160 with atrophic gastritis after H. pylori eradication and 255 controls) were prospectively collected. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed to distinguish hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism. Statistical analysis was conducted by two-sample t test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. Logistic regression models were used to find the risk factors for gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis.
RESULTS: Neither the hOGG1 Ser/Cys nor the Cys/Cys genotype was associated with gastric cancer. Compared with the Ser/Ser genotype, odds ratio (OR) for Ser/Cys was 0.96, (95% CI: 0.51-1.84) and OR for Cys/Cys was 1.1 (95% CI: 0.48-2.1). No association was detected between hOGG1 polymorphism and Lauren type of gastric cancer (P = 0.61) either. However, Ser/Cys and Cys/Cys were significantly associated with atrophic gastritis with OR: 1.76 for Ser/Cys (95% CI: 1.03-3.0) and 2.38 for Cys/Cys (95% CI: 1.34-4.23). After controlling for age, gender, smoking and alcohol, there were still significant associations with OR: 2.05 for Ser/Cys (95% CI: 1.14-3.68) and 2.76 for Cys/Cys (95% CI: 1.47-5.18).
CONCLUSION: HOGG1 polymorphisms (Cys/Cys and Ser/Cys) are associated with atrophic gastritis. No significant association is detected between hOGG1 polymorphisms (Cys/Cys or Ser/Cys) and gastric cancer.
Citation: Sun LM, Shang Y, Zeng YM, Deng YY, Cheng JF. HOGG1 polymorphism in atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16(35): 4476-4482
Gastric carcinoma develops in the following sequence: superficial gastritis, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and cancer according to Correa’s model[1]. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is an important cause of chronic atrophic gastritis. The tissue damage and cell destruction are either caused by direct release of cytotoxins, lipase and phospholipase or indirectly by reactive oxygen species (ROS) released from polymorphonuclear leucocytes[2]. ROS is thought to be one of the pathogeneses for both atrophic gastritis and cancer[3]. However, the mechanism is still unclear for atrophic gastritis developing in H. pylori negative patients.
Oxygen-free radicals (OFR) are generated in small amounts in the course of normal metabolic reactions. However, OFR can react with complex cellular molecules such as fats, proteins, or DNA and cause further damage to them. Some oxidative DNA lesions are pro-mutagenic and oxidative damage has been proposed to play a role in the development of certain cancers[4,5]. Hydroxyl radicals are important for DNA damage. This radical is so reactive that it can damage all components of the DNA molecule: the purine and pyrimidine bases as well as the deoxyribose backbone[6]. One of the most common lesions formed by ROS modifications is 8-Hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). A specific DNA glycosylase/apurinic (AP) lyase, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine-glycosylase/apruinic lyase (ogg1), which catalyses the release of 8-OHdG and the cleavage of DNA at the AP site was found in Escherichia coli and yeast[4,5]. The human homologue of this gene, hOGG1 has been identified[6,7]. The gene product of hOGG1 can exhibit greatest specificity and activity for 8-OHdG:dC and is inactive against 8-oxodeoxyguanosine:dA[8,9]. HOGG1 has also been shown to excise 2,6-dianimo-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine residues in a similar manner to its yeast homologue[10]. A C/G polymorphism at position 1245 in the 1α-specific exon 7 of the hOGG1 results in an amino acid substitution from serine to cysteine in codon 326. A number of hOGG1 polymorphisms have been described and a Ser/Cys substitution in exon 7 is highly prevalent[8,9,11,12]. The hOGG1 protein encoded by the wild-type 326Ser allele exhibited substantially higher DNA repair activity than the 326Cys. Some studies have suggested that the Ser326Cys hOGG1polymorphism may be associated with increased risk for lung[8], stomach[9], orolaryngeal[11,12], bladder[13] as well as gallbladder cancers[14] The aim of this study was to investigate the association between hOGG1 genotype and gastric cancer as well as atrophic gastritis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
This is a prospective case-control study in patients with atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer and healthy controls consecutively enrolled at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, China from April 2005 to March 2008.
All enrolled gastric cancer patients were histologically confirmed prior to operation and chemotherapy. Healthy controls were patients with normal endoscopic findings during the recruiting period. Gastric cancer patients were classified according to Lauren type. The inclusion criteria for atrophic gastritis were: endoscopically diagnosed atrophic gastritis according to Sydney system[15] and documented H. Pylori infection eradication for at least 1 year. H. pylori was confirmed to be negative in both histopathology and 13C Urea breath test. The exclusion criteria for atrophic gastritis included newly diagnosed atrophic gastritis with H. Pylori infection or the H. Pylori which was eradicated within 1 year; the H. Pylori status was unknown or negative before diagnosis; patients with any kind of gastric operation history; and either histology or 13C Urea breath test was considered to be positive for H. pylori infection.
Five biopsy specimens taken from the antrum, the angulus and the corpus of the stomach were embedded in paraffin wax, stained with haematoxylin-eosin and by Giemsa method. Mononuclear cell infiltration, polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and the density of H. pylori were graded from 0 to 3, according to the updated Sydney system[15] by an experienced pathologist.
Each participant completed a self-structured questionnaire about alcohol and tobacco consumption. Alcohol drinking was defined as severe (a total amount of 20 g/d or more for 10 years), none (less than once a month) and mild (any amount in between). Smoking was defined as none, mild (less than 20 cigarettes per day) and severe (more than 20 cigarettes per day). The study was approved by the Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Institutional Review Board. Each participant signed an informed consent form.
DNA genotyping assays
DNA was extracted from 10 mL whole blood according to the protocol of QIAamp DNA blood kit handbook. The basic method for detecting polymorphism was based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Generated fragments were separated by a 4% Metaphor agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide. Puc19 DNA/MspI (HpaII) Marker, 23 (MBI Fermentas) or DNA Molecular Weight Marker VIII (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, USA) were used. DNA was subject to PCR using fluorescent primers directed against the marker of hOGG1[8]. PCR protocols were presented in detail as follows: 20 pmol of primers (5'-ACTAGTCTCACCAGCCGTGAC-3' and 5'-TGGCCTTTGAGGTAGTCACAG-3') reacted with 1 mmol/L MgCl2 and 2.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase in 50 μL systems. The PCR reaction began with denaturation at 95°C for 14 min, and then was taken at 95°C, 1 min; 59.5°C, 1 min; and 72°C, 1 min for 30 cycles.
The hOGG1 PCR product (10 μL) was incubated with 2 U of Fnu4HI (New England Biolabs) overnight at 37°C, ended with 65°C for 20 min. Fnu4HI (cuts cysteine alleles generated 123/124 and 169/170 bp fragments from primary 293 bp amplicon.
Quality control
(1) Blind the researchers to case control status; (2) include blanks in each plate in different well positions; (3) include multiple and duplicate control subjects in each plate in different well positions; (4) determine 10% as an acceptable amount of missing data and rerun assays if there is more missing data in either cases or controls; and (5) perform an Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium test for each SNP before testing any hypothesis.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed by SAS software (SAS Institute Inc, Version 9.1, Cary NC.). Discrete variables were analyzed by the Pearson χ2 test and continuous variables by the Student’s t test or generalized regression models. Logistic regression models were fitted to find the risk factors for gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis. For all analyses, significance was determined at a level of P < 0.05 (two-tailed).
RESULTS
Clinical characteristics in different groups
Totally, 488 subjects were included in this study (160 patients with atrophic gastritis, 73 with gastric cancer and 255 controls). All gastritis patients were H. pylori negative, which was confirmed by both histopathology and 13C Urea breath test. The clinical characteristics of the subjects are summarized in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Patients with gastric cancer were significantly older than those in the control group (59.6 ± 11.2 years vs 43.6 ± 10.3 years, P < 0.0001) and atrophic gastritis group (59.6 ± 11.2 years vs 51.4 ± 10.6 years, P < 0.0001). Gastric cancer group had a significantly higher ratio of males than atrophic gastritis group (65.8% vs 48.7%, P = 0.02).
Table 2 Clinical characteristics of different grades of atrophic gastritis.
Grade 1 (n = 68)
Grade 2 (n = 68)
Grade 3 (n = 23)
Mean age (SD, yr)
51.3 (10.8)
51.1 (9.8)
52.9 (12.8)
Gender (%)
Male
47.1
50.0
52.2
Female
53.9
50.0
47.8
Smoking (%)
None
76.5
75.0
73.9
Mild/moderate
16.2
20.6
26.1
Severe
7.3
4.4
0.0
Alcohol (%)
None
70.6
64.7
73.9
Mild/moderate
22.1
29.4
26.1
Severe
7.3
5.9
0.0
HOGG1 (%)
Ser/Ser
18.2
15.1
13.0
Ser/Cys
62.1
36.4
43.5
Cys/Cys
19.7
48.5
43.5
Table 3 Clinical characteristics of different grades of intestinal metaplasia.
Grade 1 (n = 44)
Grade 2 (n = 76)
Grade 3 (n = 40)
Mean age (SD, yr)
50.7 (9.5)
51.4 (11.2)
51.9 (10.1)
Gender (%)
Male
47.7
48.7
50.0
Female
52.3
51.3
50.0
Smoking (%)
None
86.4
71.1
72.5
Mild/moderate
6.8
25.0
22.5
Severe
6.8
3.9
5.0
Alcohol (%)
None
77.3
60.5
75.0
Mild/moderate
15.9
32.9
22.5
Severe
6.8
6.6
2.5
HOGG1 (%)
Ser/Ser
13.9
18.6
15.8
Ser/Cys
53.5
42.7
52.6
Cys/Cys
32.6
38.7
31.6
HOGG1 genotype in different groups
The hOGG1 genetic polymorphism was determined using PCR and RFLP (Figure 1). As shown in Table 4, neither the hOGG1 Ser/Cys nor the Cys/Cys genotype was associated with gastric cancer, compared with the Ser/Ser genotype (OR: 0.96 for Ser/Cys, 95% CI: 0.51-1.84 and OR: 1.1 for Cys/Cys, 95% CI: 0.48-2.1). No association was detected between hOGG1 polymorphism and Lauren type of gastric cancer (P = 0.61) either. Ser/Cys and Cys/Cys were significantly associated with atrophic gastritis (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.03-3.0 and OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.34-4.23). After controlling for age, gender, smoking and alcohol, there were still significant associations, with OR: 2.05 for Ser/Cys, 95% CI: 1.14-3.68 and 2.76 for Cys/Cys, 95% CI: 1.47-5.18.
There was no statistically significant association between intestinal dysplasia and hOGG1 polymorphism (P = 0.75). HOGG1 Cys/Cys group had statistically significantly higher rate of moderate and severe atrophic gastritis than Ser/Cys and Ser/Ser group (P = 0.03). Smoking was a risk factor for gastric cancer (mild smoking 35% vs 20% and moderate smoking 15% vs 9.45%, P = 0.02), but not a risk factor for atrophic gastritis. Alcohol was a risk factor for gastric cancer (mild drinking 37.5% vs 26% and moderate smoking 17.5% vs 11%, P = 0.03), but not a risk factor for atrophic gastritis.
DISCUSSION
The exact mechanism by which oxidative stress contributes to the development of aging and carcinogenesis is still unclear. The importance of oxidative damage in chronic gastritis, either in the presence or absence of H. pylori, has been confirmed by various studies[2,16,17]. It is shown in the present study that there are different ratios of oxidative repair enzyme gene polymorphism between atrophic gastritis patients and healthy controls. This difference implies that the accumulation of oxidative DNA damage plays a role in atrophic gastritis. A characteristic pattern of modifications can be described both chemically and structurally for ROS-induced DNA damage as follows: modification of all bases, production of base-free sites, deletions, frame shifts, strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links, and chromosomal rearrangements[18].
One of the most common lesions formed by ROS modifications is 8-OHdG. Among the polymorphisms found, the C/G polymorphism at position of 1245 in the 1 a-specific exon 7 of the hOGG1 gene, which results in amino acid substitution from serine (Ser) to cysteine (Cys) in codon 326 is highly prevalent[19,20]. The proportion of homozygous C (Ser326) individuals is different from one to another ethnic group, from 12% in Chinese, 25.8% in Micronesians, 27.7% in Japanese, 39.9% in Australian Caucasian, 24%-57.1% in Germans, 63.7% in Hungarians to 74.5% in Melanesians[21]. Although there are some contradictory results about the polymorphisms in hOGG1 affection repair function and carcinogenesis, most of these researches showed that the Cys allele was associated with cancer[22], such as esophageal[23], lung[24], gastric[25], prostate[26], nasopharyngeal cancers[22,27,28]. Only limited researches found that in Caucasian populations, Ser326 confers risk to prostate cancer[20]. Similar to our result, some studies found that Ser326Cys polymorphism has no contribution to gastric cancer and lung cancer[21,29]. Similar results were also found in breast cancer and colorectal cancer[30-32]. We did not evaluate other sequence variants, such as 11657A/G or 7143A/G, which was found to be associated with prostate cancer[14].
Oxidative DNA damage has been proposed to be related to a series of diseases. To understand the role of DNA repair activity, accurate, reproducible and specific phenotype assays should be developed and tested in human populations in molecular epidemiology studies. As presented by Caporaso[33] in 2003 (Figure 2), there are five categories of questions that can be addressed in a molecular epidemiology study.
Figure 2 Categories in the molecular epidemiology of oxidative repair[34].
In the first category, the exposure to alcohol and tobacco are interesting targets for gastric cancers. Both alcohol drinking and smoking can cause oxidative damage, their roles should be further studied. The present study showed that both alcohol and smoking were risk factors for gastric cancer. It was found that nicotine, at 0.8 μmol/L, the very low sub-micromolar level occurring in the tissues of smokers, may increase oxidative stress, induces apoptosis, and enhance the ability of NaDOC to activate the 153 kDa growth arrest and DNA damage promoter[34]. Some studies revealed that a frequent drinking habit elevated the odds ratio (OR) for stomach cancer in Cys/Cys compared with Ser/Ser and Ser/Cys carriers, suggesting that the hOGG1 Ser(326)Cys polymorphism may alter the impact of some environmental factors on stomach cancer development[35].
Oxidative damage is a crucial step of H. pylori pathogenicity, being mechanistically related to the link between H. pylori infection and gastric carcinoma[36,37]. Many studies showed H. pylori-related oxidative DNA damage using various methodological approaches[16,38-43]. The severity of inflammation and damage associated with H. pylori infection is dependent on the ability of mucosal cells to counteract the increased load of reactive oxygen species[44]. H. pylori infection with increased oxidative damage to DNA occurred in the early stage of gastritis. The oxidative DNA damage is more apparent in gastric mucosa with severe disease than with chronic gastritis[3]. Both bacterial factors and the host response may be involved in the oxidative damage[44,45]. Patients with hOGG1 Cys/Cys genotype have a lower ability to clear ROS which contributed to the high level of DNA damage and led to epithelial cell death[43]. Farinati et al[46] and Konturek et al[47] showed that hOGG1 1245C-->G polymorphism was common in both gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis patients, but very rare in controls, and correlated more closely with 8-OHdG levels than did H. pylori infection or cagA status. The present study suggested that apoptosis induced by H. pylori may be one of the earliest events in the onset and progression of atrophic gastritis. H. pylori infection induced an up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 apoptosis[46]. Once the apoptosis begins, it does not depend on the existence of H. pylori but associated with the host capacity of DNA repair. van der Hulst et al[48] followed 155 cases of gastritis after H. pylori eradication for 1 year, and also could not find the improvement of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. Forbes followed 54 cases of gastritis for 7 years, among them 32 cases received H. pylori eradication therapy, but the outcome of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia was the same between the two groups[49]. The current study found that some patients had improvement of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia after 1 year of H. pylori eradication and some had no improvement. Those patients might have deficiency in oxidative damage repair which was caused by either H. pylori infection or other exterior injury, such as alcohol or tobacco due to antioxidative enzyme polymorphism[46]. The present scientific consensus is that the H. pylori oncogenic role is mediated by the chronic active inflammation it elicits in the gastric mucosa. Although the ultimate basic mechanism of carcinogenesis is unknown, strongly suggestive evidences showed that oxidative stress played a pivotal role in the process[39]. We found that alcohol and tobacco rather than interior hOGG1 polymorphism were risk factors for gastric cancer.
In conclusion, Ser326Cys hOGG1 polymorphism plays an important role in atrophic gastritis after eradication of H. pylori for 1 year. However, no association was found between this polymorphism and gastric cancer, although it could be secondary to a not large enough sample size. Smoking and alcohol are risk factors of gastric cancer regardless of different kinds of Ser326Cys HOGG1 polymorphism. More prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings and further reveal the causal relationship between Ser326Cys hOGG1 polymorphism and atrophic gastritis/gastric cancer.
COMMENTS
Background
Although oxidation injury caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the mechanism of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer, a large proportion of atrophic gastritis can not be reversed after H. pylori eradication. The defect of anti-oxidation barrier might be related to the occurence of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. The polymorphism of human oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) is thought to be closely related with the repairing level of DNA oxidation injury.
Research frontiers
hOGG1 is one of the most important antioxidative enzymes. Among several hOGG1 gene polymorphisms, the Ser→Cys polymorphism at position 326 is related to decreased repair function. However, the association between hOGG1 polymorphism and gastric cancer or atrophic gastritis in post-H. pylori eradication patients remains unclear.
Innovations and breakthroughs
This is the first study to report that hOGG1 polymorphisms (Cys/Cys and Ser/Cys) are associated with atrophic gastritis patients after H. pylori eradication. No significant association was detected between hOGG1 polymorphisms (Cys/Cys or Ser/Cys) and gastric cancer.
Applications
The results from this study may hypothesize some different pathways involved in the gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis after H. pylori eradication with different hOGG1 polymorphisms. Biological approaches will be adopted to disclose the detailed mechanism in molecular pathway and gene sets level.
Peer review
The authors examined the association between HOGG1 polymorphism and atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer in post-H. pylori eradication patients. It was shown that hOGG1 polymorphisms (Cys/Cys and Ser/Cys) were associated with atrophic gastritis in a Chinese population with post-H. pylori eradication. No significant association was detected between hOGG1 polymorphisms (Cys/Cys or Ser/Cys) and gastric cancer. The results are interesting and may hypothesize the different underlying pathways leading to the outcomes in this population.
Footnotes
Peer reviewers: Tamara Vorobjova, Senior Researcher in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, Ravila, 19, Tartu, 51014, Estonia; Andrew S Day, MB, ChB, MD, FRACP, AGAF, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Zeinab Nabil Ahmed, Professor of Microbiology, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 1047, Cairo, Egypt
S- Editor Wang JL L- Editor Ma JY E- Editor Lin YP
Farinati F, Cardin R, Degan P, Rugge M, Mario FD, Bonvicini P, Naccarato R. Oxidative DNA damage accumulation in gastric carcinogenesis.Gut. 1998;42:351-356.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Kawanishi S, Hiraku Y, Pinlaor S, Ma N. Oxidative and nitrative DNA damage in animals and patients with inflammatory diseases in relation to inflammation-related carcinogenesis.Biol Chem. 2006;387:365-372.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Gosselin K, Martien S, Pourtier A, Vercamer C, Ostoich P, Morat L, Sabatier L, Duprez L, T'kint de Roodenbeke C, Gilson E. Senescence-associated oxidative DNA damage promotes the generation of neoplastic cells.Cancer Res. 2009;69:7917-7925.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Aburatani H, Hippo Y, Ishida T, Takashima R, Matsuba C, Kodama T, Takao M, Yasui A, Yamamoto K, Asano M. Cloning and characterization of mammalian 8-hydroxyguanine-specific DNA glycosylase/apurinic, apyrimidinic lyase, a functional mutM homologue.Cancer Res. 1997;57:2151-2156.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Radicella JP, Dherin C, Desmaze C, Fox MS, Boiteux S. Cloning and characterization of hOGG1, a human homolog of the OGG1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:8010-8015.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Hardie LJ, Briggs JA, Davidson LA, Allan JM, King RF, Williams GI, Wild CP. The effect of hOGG1 and glutathione peroxidase I genotypes and 3p chromosomal loss on 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in lung cancer.Carcinogenesis. 2000;21:167-172.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Hanaoka T, Sugimura H, Nagura K, Ihara M, Li XJ, Hamada GS, Nishimoto I, Kowalski LP, Yokota J, Tsugane S. hOGG1 exon7 polymorphism and gastric cancer in case-control studies of Japanese Brazilians and non-Japanese Brazilians.Cancer Lett. 2001;170:53-61.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Dahle J, Brunborg G, Svendsrud DH, Stokke T, Kvam E. Overexpression of human OGG1 in mammalian cells decreases ultraviolet A induced mutagenesis.Cancer Lett. 2008;267:18-25.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Yang Y, Tian H, Zhang ZJ. [Association of the XRCC1 and hOGG1 polymorphisms with the risk of laryngeal carcinoma].Zhonghua Yixue Yichuanxue Zazhi. 2008;25:211-213.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Elahi A, Zheng Z, Park J, Eyring K, McCaffrey T, Lazarus P. The human OGG1 DNA repair enzyme and its association with orolaryngeal cancer risk.Carcinogenesis. 2002;23:1229-1234.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Arizono K, Osada Y, Kuroda Y. DNA repair gene hOGG1 codon 326 and XRCC1 codon 399 polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk in a Japanese population.Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2008;38:186-191.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Jiao X, Huang J, Wu S, Lv M, Hu Y, Jianfu , Su X, Luo C, Ce B. hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and susceptibility to gallbladder cancer in a Chinese population.Int J Cancer. 2007;121:501-505.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Correa P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994.Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20:1161-1181.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Farinati F, Cardin R, Russo VM, Busatto G, Franco M, Rugge M. Helicobacter pylori CagA status, mucosal oxidative damage and gastritis phenotype: a potential pathway to cancer?Helicobacter. 2003;8:227-234.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Farinati F, Della Libera G, Cardin R, Molari A, Plebani M, Rugge M, Di Mario F, Naccarato R. Gastric antioxidant, nitrites, and mucosal lipoperoxidation in chronic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection.J Clin Gastroenterol. 1996;22:275-281.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Valko M, Izakovic M, Mazur M, Rhodes CJ, Telser J. Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence.Mol Cell Biochem. 2004;266:37-56.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Kohno T, Shinmura K, Tosaka M, Tani M, Kim SR, Sugimura H, Nohmi T, Kasai H, Yokota J. Genetic polymorphisms and alternative splicing of the hOGG1 gene, that is involved in the repair of 8-hydroxyguanine in damaged DNA.Oncogene. 1998;16:3219-3225.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Xu J, Zheng SL, Turner A, Isaacs SD, Wiley KE, Hawkins GA, Chang BL, Bleecker ER, Walsh PC, Meyers DA. Associations between hOGG1 sequence variants and prostate cancer susceptibility.Cancer Res. 2002;62:2253-2257.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Janssen K, Schlink K, Götte W, Hippler B, Kaina B, Oesch F. DNA repair activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) in human lymphocytes is not dependent on genetic polymorphism Ser326/Cys326.Mutat Res. 2001;486:207-216.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Weiss JM, Goode EL, Ladiges WC, Ulrich CM. Polymorphic variation in hOGG1 and risk of cancer: a review of the functional and epidemiologic literature.Mol Carcinog. 2005;42:127-141.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Xing D, Tan W, Lin D. Genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to esophageal cancer among Chinese population (review).Oncol Rep. 2003;10:1615-1623.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Tsukino H, Hanaoka T, Otani T, Iwasaki M, Kobayashi M, Hara M, Natsukawa S, Shaura K, Koizumi Y, Kasuga Y. hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism, interaction with environmental exposures, and gastric cancer risk in Japanese populations.Cancer Sci. 2004;95:977-983.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Chen L, Elahi A, Pow-Sang J, Lazarus P, Park J. Association between polymorphism of human oxoguanine glycosylase 1 and risk of prostate cancer.J Urol. 2003;170:2471-2474.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Cho EY, Hildesheim A, Chen CJ, Hsu MM, Chen IH, Mittl BF, Levine PH, Liu MY, Chen JY, Brinton LA. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair enzymes XRCC1 and hOGG1.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12:1100-1104.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Liu N, Zhou XX, Lu LX. [Expression and implication of base excision repair genes in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and non-tumor nasopharyngeal tissues].Ai Zheng. 2008;27:126-132.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Ito H, Hamajima N, Takezaki T, Matsuo K, Tajima K, Hatooka S, Mitsudomi T, Suyama M, Sato S, Ueda R. A limited association of OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism for adenocarcinoma of the lung.J Epidemiol. 2002;12:258-265.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Li D, Zhang W, Zhu J, Chang P, Sahin A, Singletary E, Bondy M, Hazra T, Mitra S, Lau SS. Oxidative DNA damage and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine DNA glycosylase/apurinic lyase in human breast cancer.Mol Carcinog. 2001;31:214-223.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Kondo S, Toyokuni S, Tanaka T, Hiai H, Onodera H, Kasai H, Imamura M. Overexpression of the hOGG1 gene and high 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) lyase activity in human colorectal carcinoma: regulation mechanism of the 8-OHdG level in DNA.Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:1394-1400.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Kim JI, Park YJ, Kim KH, Kim JI, Song BJ, Lee MS, Kim CN, Chang SH. hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism modifies the significance of the environmental risk factor for colon cancer.World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:956-960.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Caporaso N. The molecular epidemiology of oxidative damage to DNA and cancer.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1263-1265.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Takezaki T, Gao CM, Wu JZ, Li ZY, Wang JD, Ding JH, Liu YT, Hu X, Xu TL, Tajima K. hOGG1 Ser(326)Cys polymorphism and modification by environmental factors of stomach cancer risk in Chinese.Int J Cancer. 2002;99:624-627.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Baik SC, Youn HS, Chung MH, Lee WK, Cho MJ, Ko GH, Park CK, Kasai H, Rhee KH. Increased oxidative DNA damage in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric mucosa.Cancer Res. 1996;56:1279-1282.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Fox JG, Rogers AB, Whary MT, Ge Z, Ohtani M, Jones EK, Wang TC. Accelerated progression of gastritis to dysplasia in the pyloric antrum of TFF2 -/- C57BL6 x Sv129 Helicobacter pylori-infected mice.Am J Pathol. 2007;171:1520-1528.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Papa A, Danese S, Sgambato A, Ardito R, Zannoni G, Rinelli A, Vecchio FM, Gentiloni-Silveri N, Cittadini A, Gasbarrini G. Role of Helicobacter pylori CagA+ infection in determining oxidative DNA damage in gastric mucosa.Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002;37:409-413.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Boussioutas A, Li H, Liu J, Waring P, Lade S, Holloway AJ, Taupin D, Gorringe K, Haviv I, Desmond PV. Distinctive patterns of gene expression in premalignant gastric mucosa and gastric cancer.Cancer Res. 2003;63:2569-2577.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Izzotti A, De Flora S, Cartiglia C, Are BM, Longobardi M, Camoirano A, Mura I, Dore MP, Scanu AM, Rocca PC. Interplay between Helicobacter pylori and host gene polymorphisms in inducing oxidative DNA damage in the gastric mucosa.Carcinogenesis. 2007;28:892-898.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Yang Y, Deng CS, Peng JZ, Wong BC, Lam SK, Xia HH. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on apoptosis and apoptosis related genes in gastric cancer cells.Mol Pathol. 2003;56:19-24.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Mizuki I, Shimoyama T, Fukuda S, Liu Q, Nakaji S, Munakata A. Association of gastric epithelial apoptosis with the ability of Helicobacter pylori to induce a neutrophil oxidative burst.J Med Microbiol. 2000;49:521-524.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Matthews GM, Butler RN. Cellular mucosal defense during Helicobacter pylori infection: a review of the role of glutathione and the oxidative pentose pathway.Helicobacter. 2005;10:298-306.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Touati E, Michel V, Thiberge JM, Wuscher N, Huerre M, Labigne A. Chronic Helicobacter pylori infections induce gastric mutations in mice.Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1408-1419.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Farinati F, Cardin R, Bortolami M, Nitti D, Basso D, de Bernard M, Cassaro M, Sergio A, Rugge M. Oxidative DNA damage in gastric cancer: CagA status and OGG1 gene polymorphism.Int J Cancer. 2008;123:51-55.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
van der Hulst RW, van der Ende A, Dekker FW, Ten Kate FJ, Weel JF, Keller JJ, Kruizinga SP, Dankert J, Tytgat GN. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastritis in relation to cagA: a prospective 1-year follow-up study.Gastroenterology. 1997;113:25-30.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
