Kanao H, Tanaka S, Oka S, Kaneko I, Yoshida S, Arihiro K, Yoshihara M, Chayama K. Clinical significance of type VI pit pattern subclassification in determining the depth of invasion of colorectal neoplasms. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(2): 211-217 [PMID: 18186557 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.211]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Shinji Tanaka, MD, PhD, Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan. colon@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
Article-Type of This Article
Colorectal Cancer
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Hiroyuki Kanao, Iwao Kaneko, Kazuaki Chayama, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima, Japan
Shinji Tanaka, Shiro Oka, Shigeto Yoshida, Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
Koji Arihiro, Department of Pathology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
Masaharu Yoshihara, Health Service Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
ORCID number: $[AuthorORCIDs]
Correspondence to: Shinji Tanaka, MD, PhD, Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan. colon@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
Telephone: +81-82-2575538
Fax: +81-82-2575538
Received: August 20, 2007 Revised: September 29, 2007 Published online: January 14, 2008
Abstract
AIM: To clarify whether subclassification of the type VI pit pattern on the basis of magnifying colonoscopy findings is useful in determining the type and depth of invasion of colorectal neoplasms.
METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 272 colorectal neoplasms (117 dysplasias and 155 submucosal invasive carcinomas; 228 patients) with a type V pit pattern [type VI, n = 202; type VN, n = 70 (Kudo and Tsuruta classification system)]. We divided lesions with a type VI pit pattern into two subclasses, mildly irregular lesions and severely irregular lesions, according to the prominent and detailed magnifying colonoscopy findings. We examined the relation between these two subclasses and histology/invasion depth.
RESULTS: One hundred and four lesions (51.5%) were judged to be mildly irregular, and 98 lesions (48.5%) were judged to be severely irregular. Ninety-seven (93.3%) mildly irregular lesions showed dysplasias or submucosal invasion of less than 1000 &mgr;m (SM < 1000 &mgr;m). Fifty-five (56.1%) severely irregular lesions showed submucosal invasion equal to or deeper than 1000 &mgr;m (SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m). Mild irregularity was found significantly more often in dysplasias or lesions with SM < 1000 &mgr;m than in lesions with SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Subclassification of the type VI pit pattern is useful for identifying dysplasias or lesions with SM < 1000 &mgr;m.
Citation: Kanao H, Tanaka S, Oka S, Kaneko I, Yoshida S, Arihiro K, Yoshihara M, Chayama K. Clinical significance of type VI pit pattern subclassification in determining the depth of invasion of colorectal neoplasms. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(2): 211-217
Pit pattern classification (Figure 1) of colorectal lesions, initially proposed by Kudo[1] and modified by Kudo and Tsuruta[2], is reported to be related to the histologic characteristics of the lesions[3–9]. Magnifying colonoscopy is used for differential diagnosis between non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions[59–16] and for assessing the depth of invasion of early colorectal carcinoma[917–21].
Figure 1 Classification of pit patterns of colorectal lesions.
Several studies have suggested that there is little risk of lymph node metastasis from early colorectal carcinoma that involves the superficial layer of the submucosa, less than 1000 &mgr;m from the muscularis mucosae[91722–24]. Recently, the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum proposed the following new criteria for curative histopathologic conditions after complete endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of submucosal carcinoma: (1) a submucosal invasion depth of less than 1000 &mgr;m (SM < 1000 &mgr;m), (2) well to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma including the invasive portion, and (3) no vessel involvement[2224]. In accordance with these proposed criteria, it has become important to distinguish submucosal invasion equal to or deeper than 1000 &mgr;m (SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m) from SM < 1000 &mgr;m prior to treatment of submucosal carcinoma, to reduce the number of needless surgical resections.
Many studies have shown that the type VN pit pattern is an indicator of massive submucosal invasion of colorectal neoplasm[9]. However, colorectal neoplasms with a type VI pit pattern include various lesions, such as dysplasia and submucosal carcinoma, with either SM < 1000 &mgr;m or SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m[9]. Thus, it is difficult to decide upon a therapeutic strategy for colorectal neoplasm on the basis of the current type VI pit pattern classification. In this study, we assessed the clinical usefulness of type VI pit pattern subclassification in determining the histology/invasion depth of colorectal neoplasms.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We analyzed 272 colorectal neoplasms with a type V pit pattern (type VI, n = 202; type VN, n = 70). The colorectal neoplasms comprised 117 dysplasias and 155 submucosal invasive carcinomas, 129 of which were deeper than 1000 &mgr;m, resected endoscopically or surgically from 228 patients at Hiroshima University Hospital during the period January 1999 through March 2005. All lesions in this study were analyzed by five colonoscopists who were well trained in magnifying colonoscopy and blinded to the pathology findings, retrospectively.
To evaluate pit patterns, we used a magnifying colonoscope (EC-410CM, EC-450ZM, EC-450ZH or EC-450ZW, Fujinon Toshiba, Omiya, Japan; or CF-240Z or CF-H260AZI, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) with zoom functions ranging from × 17 to × 126. When a lesion was detected by standard colonoscopic observation, the surface mucus was washed away with lukewarm water, and indigo carmine dye was spread over the lesion. This dye enhances the colonoscopic appearance because it is retained within the pits and grooves of the mucosal surface. For more precise assessment, crystal violet stain was applied to the margins of the pits, rendering each pit pattern clearly visible in all cases. The type V pit pattern was classified as one of two subtypes according to the Kudo and Tsuruta classification system[12] (Figure 1): type VI, irregularly arranged and similar to type IIIL, IIIS, or IV patterns in size; and type VN, an area of obvious non-structure (as per the Hakone consensus meeting in April 2004)[925].
Each resected neoplasm was fixed routinely with 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin, after which the entire tumor was cut into serial 2- to 3-mm thick slices. Microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections was performed by one pathologist unaware of other features of the case. Dysplasia was defined according to the Vienna criteria[26]. According to previously proposed measuring methods[2224], the depth of submucosal invasion was determined using a micrometer under a microscope, and taken as the distance from the muscularis mucosae to the point of the deepest invasion (tumor apex).
We first analyzed the relation between the type V pit pattern subtype (VI or VN) and histology/invasion depth. We then examined the relation between SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m and histology/invasion depth and the following five detailed magnifying colonoscopy findings: (1) irregularity of the pit margins, (2) staining characteristics of the areas between pits, (3) area diameter of the type VI pit pattern (< 5 mm or ≥ 5 mm), (4) density of the pits, and (5) width of the intervening membrane between the pits (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Magnifying features of colorectal neoplasm (crystal violet): A: Regular pit margins; B: Irregular pit margins; C: Clear staining characteristics of the areas between pits; D: Unclear staining characteristics of the areas between pits; E: High residual pit density; F: Low residual pit density; G: Narrow intervening membrane between pits; H: Wide intervening membrane between pits.
We divided the lesions with a type VI pit pattern into two subclasses (mildly irregular lesions and severely irregular lesions) according to the prominent and detailed magnifying colonoscopy findings of the first analysis. Mildly irregular lesions were defined as lesions with one or no significant magnifying colonoscopy findings, and severely irregular lesions were defined as lesions with two or more significant magnifying colonoscopy findings. This was done to diagnose SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m on the basis of cluster analysis[2728]. Using these data, we examined the relation between the type VI pit pattern subclassifications and histology/invasion depth, the status of the muscularis mucosae, and the presence of desmoplastic reactions at the surface of the lesion (Figure 3). The muscularis mucosae were classified as detected, partially disappeared, or disappeared, as reported previously[29]. Desmoplastic reaction of the submucosal layer was classified as absent (-), mild to moderate (+), or severe (++), as reported previously[1830].
Figure 3 Type IIa + 10IIc lesion, 12 mm in diameter.
A: Standard colonoscopic view; B: Standard colonoscopic view with indigo carmine spraying; C, D: Magnifying colonoscopic picture with crystal violet staining reveals type VI pit pattern. Irregular pit margins, unclear staining characteristics of the areas between pits, > 5 mm area of type VI pit pattern, high residual pit density, and narrow intervening membrane between pits is revealed; E: Cross-section (hematoxylin-eosin, × 8) of a surgically resected specimen showing submucosal invasion (1800 &mgr;m); F: Low-power view (hematoxylin-eosin, × 40) of type VI pit pattern. Muscularis mucosae have disappeared. Desmoplastic reactions are mild to moderate. In this case, lymph node metastasis was not detected.
The associations of dysplasia, SM < 1000 &mgr;m, and SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m with the type V pit pattern subtypes, detailed magnifying colonoscopy findings, and the type VI lesion subclasses, were analyzed by chi-square test. P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. In addition, to identify predictors of SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m, we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP statistical software, version 5.0.1 J (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC).
RESULTS
Histology/invasion depth of colorectal neoplasm in relation to type V pit pattern subtypes
Dysplasia, SM < 1000 &mgr;m and SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m were found in association with 57.9% (117/202), 11.4% (23/202), and 30.7% (62/202) of the neoplasms with type VI pit patterns, respectively (Table 1). Dysplasia, SM < 1000 &mgr;m, and SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m were found in association with 0% (0/70), 4.3% (3/70), and 95.7% (67/70) of the neoplasms with type VN pit patterns, respectively. The type VN pit pattern was found significantly more often in lesions with SM ≥ 1000 than in dysplasias or lesions with SM < 1000 &mgr;m (P < 0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of the type VN pit pattern for a diagnosis of SM ≥ 1000 were 51.9% (67/129) and 97.9% (140/143), respectively.
Table 1 Histology/invasion depth of colorectal neoplasm in relation to type V pit pattern subtypes, n (%).
Histology/invasion depth of colorectal neoplasm with a type VI pit pattern in relation to detailed magnifying colonoscopy findings
SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m was found in association with 58.2% (46/79) of the lesions with irregular pit margins, 57.5% (50/87) of the lesions with unclear staining characteristics of the areas between pits, 41.3% (57/138) of the lesions with a type VI pit pattern area ≥ 5 mm in diameter, 26.6% (29/109) of the lesions with high residual pit density, and 31.9% (44/138) of the lesions with a wide intervening membrane between pits (Table 2). SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m was found significantly more often in association with irregular pit margins, unclear staining characteristics of the areas between pits, and a type VI pit pattern area ≥ 5 mm in diameter than in association with regular pit margins, clear staining characteristics of the areas between pits, and a type VI pit pattern area < 5 mm in diameter.
Table 2 Histology/invasion depth of colorectal neoplasm with type VI pit pattern in relation to detailed magnifying colonoscopy findings, n (%).
Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis for predictors of SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m
In multivariate logistic regression analysis, unclear staining characteristics of the areas between pits, irregular pit margins, and a VI pit pattern area diameter of ≥ 5 mm were shown to be significant predictors of SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m (Table 3). High residual pit density and a wide intervening membrane between pits were not significant.
Table 3 Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis for predictors of submucosal invasion deeper than 1000 &mgr;m (n = 202).
Magnifying colonoscopy finding
Odds ratio (P value)
Relevant finding
Unclear staining characteristics of the areas between pits
6.24 (< 0.0001)
Clear staining characteristics of the areas between pits
Irregular pit margins
4.89 (< 0.0001)
Regular pit margins
Area diameter of type VI pit pattern ≥ 5 mm
4.14 (0.0132)
Area diameter of type VI pit pattern < 5 mm
High residual pit density
1.51 (0.3335)
Low residual pit density
Wide intervening membrane between pits
1.02 (0.9740)
Narrow intervening membrane between pits
Histology/invasion depth of colorectal neoplasm in relation to type VI pit pattern subclassifications
One hundred and four lesions (51.5%) were judged to be mildly irregular, and 98 lesions (48.5%) were judged to be severely irregular (Table 4). Ninety-seven (93.3%) mildly irregular lesions showed dysplasias or SM < 1000 &mgr;m. Fifty-five (56.1%) severely irregular lesions showed SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m. Mild irregularity was found significantly more often in dysplasias or in lesions with SM < 1000 &mgr;m than in lesions with SM ≥ 1000 (P < 0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of mild irregularity for dysplasias or SM < 1000 &mgr;m were 69.3% (97/140) and 88.7% (55/62), respectively.
Table 4 Histology/invasion depth of colorectal neoplasm in relation to type VI pit pattern subclassifications, n (%).
Status of the muscularis mucosae in relation to type V pit patterns
The muscularis mucosae was detected in 97 (93.2%) mildly irregular lesions (Table 5). Partial disappearance or disappearance of the muscularis mucosae was seen in 60 (61.2%) severely irregular lesions and 67 (100%) lesions with a type VN pit pattern. Severe irregularity was found significantly more often in association with partial disappearance or disappearance of the muscularis mucosae than in association with detection of the muscularis mucosae (P < 0.05). The type VN pit pattern was found significantly more often in association with partial disappearance or disappearance of the muscularis mucosae than in association with detection of the muscularis mucosae (P < 0.01).
Table 5 Status of muscularis mucosae in relation to type V pit patterns, n (%).
Desmoplastic reactions at the surface of the lesion in relation to type V pit patterns
No desmoplastic reaction of the superficial layer was observed in 100 (96.2%) mildly irregular lesions (Table 6). Desmoplastic reactions (+)/(++) were observed in 50 (51.0%) severely irregular lesions and 67 (100%) lesions with a type VN pit pattern. The type VN pit pattern was found significantly more often in lesions with a desmoplastic reaction (+)/(++) than in lesions with desmoplastic reaction (-) (P < 0.01).
Table 6 Desmoplastic reaction at the lesion surface in relation to type V pit pattern, n (%).
Endoscopic treatment, such as EMR, is both a therapeutic technique and an important diagnostic technique. Therefore, it is important to be able to identify lesions for which endoscopic resection would be curative to avoid meaningless endoscopic resection for lesions that should be treated surgically. Pit pattern classification is used clinically to help determine the best treatment for colorectal tumors[9]. Type I and II pit patterns predict nonneoplastic lesions, whereas type III, IV, and V pit patterns predict neoplastic lesions. Lesions with a type III or IV pit pattern are almost always dysplasias and are thus indications for endoscopic resection. Almost all lesions with a type VN pit pattern show SM ≥ 1000 µm. The reported accuracy of detection of massive submucosal invasion on the basis of the type VN pit pattern is 97%[23]. In our study, SM ≥ 1000 µm was found in 95.7% of lesions with a type VN pit pattern. Therefore, surgical resection is indicated for such lesions. By contrast, lesions with a type VI pit pattern include dysplasia and various submucosal carcinomas; thus, it is difficult to decide upon a therapeutic strategy on the basis of the current pit pattern classification system. It is necessary to analyze the type VI pit pattern in detail to determine the appropriate therapeutic strategy. The present study revealed that irregular pit margins, unclear staining characteristics of the areas between pits, and a type VI pit pattern area diameter ≥ 5 mm are significant predictors for submucosal invasion of colorectal neoplasms of 1000 &mgr;m or more.
Lesions that were subclassified as mildly irregular lesions were mainly dysplasias or lesions that showed SM < 1000 &mgr;m (93.3%). Therefore, endoscopic resection is indicated for mildly irregular lesions. On the contrary, lesions that were classified as severely irregular lesions included not only dysplasias or lesions with SM < 1000 &mgr;m (43.9%), but also lesions with SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m (56.1%). For severely irregular lesions, the therapeutic strategy should be determined on the basis of standard endoscopic findings in conjunction with those of other modalities, such as contrast enema radiography or endoscopic ultrasonography[293132]. New diagnostic modalities, such as narrow band imaging, are expected to provide more information about the invasion depth of colorectal carcinomas[33–36].
Our results revealed that there is a significant histologic difference between mildly irregular lesions and severely irregular lesions. The degree of disappearance of the muscularis mucosae increased as the pit patterns changed from VI with mildly irregularity to VI with severely irregularity to VN. If we could determine the status of the muscularis mucosae by magnifying colonoscopy, the pit pattern would be helpful in determining the depth of submucosal invasion depth by endoscopic ultrasonography. The muscularis mucosae had disappeared in all lesions with a type VN pit pattern; thus, we can measure the invasion depth from the surface of a lesion of this type to the deepest portion[29]. It has been reported that desmoplastic reactions are related to massive submucosal invasion[18]. In the present study, the incidence of desmoplastic reactions increased as the pit patterns changed from VI with mildly irregularity to VI with severely irregularity to VN. There were no desmoplastic reactions in mildly irregular lesions. These results indicate that changes in the appearance of the pits are caused by the process of submucosal infiltration of the colorectal neoplasm. Although the mechanism underlying this process is not clear, it is possible that irregular pit margins and unclear staining characteristics of the areas between pits may involve several molecular markers. We reported previously that the proliferation, infiltration and lymph node metastasis of submucosal colorectal carcinoma are significantly related to the expression of markers such as Ki-67, E-cadherins, MUC1, cathepsin D and MMP-7 at the deepest portion[37–43]. We also reported previously that MUC1 expression at the superficial layer may be related to colorectal tumors with a type V pit pattern[42]. However, there are few reports pertaining to the relation between the expression of specific molecular markers and morphogenesis of the type VI pit pattern. There may be a relation between the expression of molecular markers and detailed magnifying colonoscopy features of the type VI pit pattern. Further investigation will clarify the relation between molecular morphogenesis at the lesion surface and type VI pit pattern subclassifications.
We conclude that type VI pit pattern subclassification is useful for identifying dysplasias or lesions with SM < 1000 &mgr;m. Subclassifications can be applied to decisions about whether endoscopic treatment is indicated for colorectal neoplasms. However, we cannot identify lesions with SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m on the basis of type VI pit pattern subclassifications.
COMMENTS
Background
Colorectal neoplasms with a type VI pit pattern include various lesions, such as dysplasias and submucosal carcinomas, with either SM < 1000 &mgr;m or SM ≥ 1000 &mgr;m. Thus, it is difficult to decide upon a therapeutic strategy for colorectal neoplasm on the basis of the current type VI pit pattern classification.
Research frontiers
In this study, we assessed the clinical usefulness of type VI pit pattern subclassification in determining the histology/invasion depth of colorectal neoplasms. There has been little study on type VI pit pattern subclassification.
Innovations and breakthroughs
Type VI pit pattern subclassification is useful for identifying dysplasias or lesions with SM < 1000 &mgr;m.
Applications
Subclassifications can be applied to deciding whether endoscopic treatment is indicated for colorectal neoplasms.
Terminology
Type VI pit pattern subclassification: We divided the lesions with a type VI pit pattern into two subclasses (mildly irregular lesions and severely irregular lesions) according to the prominent detailed magnifying colonoscopy findings of the first analysis. Mildly irregular lesions were defined as lesions with one or no significant magnifying colonoscopy findings, and severely irregular lesions were defined as lesions with two or more significant magnifying colonoscopy findings.
Peer review
The authors retrospectively investigated whether subclassification of the type VI pit pattern on the basis of magnifying colonoscopy findings was useful in determining the type and depth of invasion of colorectal neoplasm. They concluded that subclassification of the type VI pit pattern is useful for identifying dysplasias or lesions with SM < 1000 &mgr;m.
Footnotes
Supported by a grant from the Japanese Society of Gastro-enterological Endoscopy, Chugoku Branch
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