Lafoensia pacari alleviates intestinal damage by modulating cyclooxygenase-2: In silico and in vivo evaluation in a colitis model

Figure 1 Antinociceptive activity of keto-alcoholic extracts of Lafoensiapacari. A: Keto-alcoholic extracts of leaves; B: Keto-alcoholic extracts of bark; C: Time-dependent action of the keto-alcoholic extract of Lafoensia pacari (L. pacari) leaves at 100 mg/kg; D: Time-dependent action of the keto-alcoholic extract of L. pacari bark at 100 mg/kg. Results presented ± representative error of 8 animals per group. ^aP < 0.05 vs saline group; ^cP < 0.05 vs DMSO 2% (v/v), acetic acid; ^eP < 0.05 vs all groups except the saline group. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's t-test. Error bar: Standard error of the mean; L. pacari: Lafoensia pacari.

Figure 2 Writhing score for ellagic acid. Results presented ± representative error of 8 animals per group. ^aP < 0.05 vs saline group, ^cP < 0.05 vs ellagic acid, DMSO 2% (v/v), acetic acid. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's t-test. Error bar: Standard error of the mean.

Figure 3 Anti-inflammatory activity of the keto-alcoholic extract of Lafoensiapacari on colonic edema. A: Keto-alcoholic extract of Lafoensia pacari (L. pacari) leaves; B: Keto-alcoholic extract of L. pacari bark. Results presented ± representative error of 8 animals per group. ^aP < 0.05 vs saline group; ^cP < 0.05 vs acetic acid and mesalazine. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's t-test. Error bar: Standard error of the mean; L. pacari: Lafoensia pacari.

Figure 4 Macroscopic indices of colonic segments from mice with induced colitis post-treatment. Scores: 0 = no lesion; 1 = hyperemia without ulceration; 2 = ulceration without hypertrophy of the intestinal wall, according to Wallace et al[20]. Error bar: Standard error of the mean; L. pacari: Lafoensia pacari.

Figure 5 Antinociceptive activity of the keto-alcoholic extract of Lafoensiapacari in the acute colitis model. A: Keto-alcoholic extract of Lafoensia pacari (L. pacari) leaves; B: Keto-alcoholic extract of L. pacari bark. Results presented ± representative error of 8 animals per group. ^aP < 0.05 vs saline group; ^cP < 0.05 vs acetic acid; ^eP < 0.05 vs mesalazine. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's t-test. Error bar: Standard error of the mean; L. pacari: Lafoensia pacari.

Figure 6 Complexes formed by cyclooxygenase-2 and flavonoids from Lafoensiapacari. A, C and E: Murine cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) bound to ellagic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin, respectively; B, D and F: Human COX-2 bound to ellagic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin, respectively. Lilac: Flavonoid; Pink: Amino acid residues; The dashed lines represent chemical interactions. The name of the amino acid is represented by the three-letter code followed by their number in the primary sequence. The numbers next to the dashed lines are the bond lengths in Angstrom.