Polyethylene glycol rinse solution: An effective way to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury

Figure 1 Alanine aminotransferase (A) and aspartate aminotransferase (B) levels in the perfusate of livers rinsed with different washout solutions (RLS, BS, BS + PEG1, and BS + PEG5) and subjected to 2 h of normothermic reperfusion. ^aP < 0.05 vs RLS; ^cP < 0.05 vs BS. Please see BS composition in Table 2. PEG: Polyethylene glycol; RLS: Ringer’s lactate solution; BS: Base solution; BS + PEG1: BS with PEG-35 at 1 g/L; BS + PEG5: BS with PEG-35 at 5 g/L. AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.

Figure 2 Bile production and vascular resistance (A) in livers rinsed with different washout solutions (RLS, BS, BS + PEG1, and BS + PEG5) and subjected to 2 h of normothermic reperfusion (B). ^aP < 0.05 vs RLS; ^cP < 0.05 vs BS. PEG: Polyethylene glycol; RLS: Ringer’s lactate solution; BS: Base solution; BS + PEG1: BS with PEG-35 at 1 g/L; BS + PEG5: BS with PEG-35 at 5 g/L.

Figure 3 Hepatic malondialdehyde (A) and glutamate dehydrogenase (B) in livers rinsed with different washout solutions (RLS, BS, BS + PEG1, and BS + PEG5) and subjected to 2 h of normothermic reperfusion. ^aP < 0.05 vs RLS; ^cP < 0.05 vs BS. PEG: Polyethylene glycol; RLS: Ringer’s lactate solution; BS: Base solution; BS + PEG1: BS with PEG-35 at 1 g/L; BS + PEG5: BS with PEG-35 at 5 g/L. MDA: Malondialdehyde; GLDH: Glutamate dehydrogenase.

Figure 4 Phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase protein levels (A), e-NOS protein levels (B) and nitrites and nitrates (C) in livers flushed with different washout solutions (RLS, BS, BS + PEG1, and BS + PEG5) and subjected to 2 h of normothermic reperfusion. ^aP < 0.05 vs RLS; ^cP < 0.05 vs BS. PEG: Polyethylene glycol; RLS: Ringer’s lactate solution; BS: Base solution; BS + PEG1: BS with PEG-35 at 1 g/L; BS + PEG5: BS with PEG-35 at 5 g/L. AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate protein kinase; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Figure 5 Heme oxygenase 1 (A) and heat shock protein 70 (B) protein levels in livers flushed with different washout solutions (RLS, BS, BS + PEG1, and BS + PEG5) and subjected to 2 h of normothermic reperfusion. ^aP < 0.05 vs RLS; ^cP < 0.05 vs BS; ^eP < 0.05 vs BS + PEG1. PEG: Polyethylene glycol; RLS: Ringer’s lactate solution; BS: Base solution; BS + PEG1: BS with PEG-35 at 1 g/L; BS + PEG5: BS with PEG-35 at 5 g/L. HO-1: Heme oxygenase 1.

Figure 6 Effects of washout on liver cytoskeleton: changes in filamentous actin (F-actin) and globular actin (G-actin) ratio in livers flushed with different washout solutions (RLS, BS, BS + PEG1, and BS + PEG5) and subjected to 2 h of normothermic reperfusion. ^aP < 0.05 vs RLS; ^cP < 0.05 vs BS; ^eP < 0.05 vs BS + PEG1. PEG: Polyethylene glycol; RLS: Ringer’s lactate solution; BS: Base solution; BS + PEG1: BS with PEG-35 at 1 g/L; BS + PEG5: BS with PEG-35 at 5 g/L.

Figure 7 Effects of washout on metalloproteinase 9 (A) and metalloproteinase 2 (B) activity in livers flushed with different washout solutions (RLS, BS, BS + PEG1, and BS + PEG5) and subjected to 2 h of normothermic reperfusion. ^aP < 0.05 vs RLS; ^cP < 0.05 vs BS; ^eP < 0.05 vs BS + PEG1. PEG: Polyethylene glycol; RLS: Ringer’s lactate solution; BS: Base solution; BS + PEG1: BS with PEG-35 at 1 g/L; BS + PEG5: BS with PEG-35 at 5 g/L. MMP: Metalloproteinase.

Figure 8 Confocal microscopy findings of hepatocyte and sinusoidal shape when livers were rinsed with different rinse solutions (RLS, BS + PEG5). RLS: Ringer’s lactate solution; BS + PEG5: Base Solution with PEG-35 at 5 g/L.

Figure 9 Effects of washout solution on liver graft autophagy: Beclin 1 (A) and LCB3 (B) protein levels in liver rinsed with different washout solutions (RLS, BS, BS + PEG1, and BS + PEG5). ^aP < 0.05 vs RLS; ^cP < 0.05 vs BS; ^eP < 0.05 vs BS + PEG1. PEG: Polyethylene glycol; RLS: Ringer’s lactate solution; BS: Base solution; BS + PEG1: BS with PEG-35 at 1 g/L; BS + PEG5: BS with PEG-35 at 5 g/L.

Figure 10 Benefits of Polyethylene glycol-35 washout solution. PEG: Polyethylene glycol; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; MMP: Metalloproteinase; NO: Nitric oxide.