Beneficial effect of butyrate, Lactobacillus casei and L-carnitine combination in preference to each in experimental colitis

Figure 1 Histological images of colon tissues from control and experimental groups. Microscopic evaluation of Control group showed transmural inflammation and/or diffuse necrosis hemorrhage (A) and severe crypt destruction (B). In histological examination of Dexa group, minimal mucosal inflammation was observed (C). In L. casei and Butyrate groups, mild infiltration (D, G) and crypt destruction (E, F) were seen. In L-carnitine group, crypt formation (H), submucosa inflammation and low PMN infiltration (I) were observed. In Combination group, crypt abscess (J) and normal submucosa (K) were evident.

Figure 2 Myeloperoxidase activity in the colon. Values are mean ± SEM. Significantly different from sham group at ^aP < 0.05; Significantly different from sham group at ^bP < 0.01; Significantly different from sham group at ^bP < 0.001; Significantly different from control group at ^cP < 0.05; Significantly different from control group at ^dP < 0.01; Significantly different from control group at ^dP < 0.001; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^eP < 0.05; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^fP < 0.01; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^fP < 0.001; Significantly different from L-Carnitine group at ^gP < 0.05; Significantly different from L-Carnitine group at ^hP < 0.01; Significantly different from L-Carnitine group at ^hP < 0.001.

Figure 3 tumor necrosis factor-α level in the colon. Values are mean ± SEM. Significantly different from sham group at ^aP < 0.05; Significantly different from sham group at ^bP < 0.01; Significantly different from sham group at ^bP < 0.001; Significantly different from control group at ^cP < 0.05; Significantly different from control group at ^dP < 0.01; Significantly different from control group at ^dP < 0.001; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^eP < 0.05; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^fP < 0.01; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^fP < 0.001.

Figure 4 Interlukin-1β level in the colon. Values are mean ± SEM. Significantly different from sham group at ^aP < 0.05; Significantly different from sham group at ^bP < 0.01; Significantly different from sham group at ^bP < 0.001; Significantly different from control group at ^cP < 0.05; Significantly different from control group at ^dP < 0.01. Significantly different from control group at ^dP < 0.001; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^eP < 0.05; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^fP < 0.01; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^fP < 0.001.

Figure 5 Ferric reduced ability of plasma level in the colon. Values are mean ± SEM. Significantly different from sham group at ^aP < 0.05; Significantly different from sham group at ^bP < 0.01; Significantly different from sham group at ^bP < 0.001; Significantly different from control group at ^cP < 0.05; Significantly different from control group at ^dP < 0.01; Significantly different from control group at ^dP < 0.001; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^eP < 0.05; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^fP < 0.01; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^fP < 0.001; Significantly different from butyrate group at ^gP < 0.05; Significantly different from butyrate group at ^hP < 0.01; Significantly different from butyrate group at ^hP < 0.001; Significantly different from L-carnitine group at ⁱP < 0.05; Significantly different from L-carnitine group at ^jP < 0.01; Significantly different from L-carnitine group at ^jP < 0.001; Significantly different from L. casei group at ^kP < 0.05; Significantly different from L. casei group at ^lP < 0.01; Significantly different from L. casei group at ^lP < 0.001.

Figure 6 Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level in the colon. Values are mean ± SEM. Significantly different from sham group at ^aP < 0.05; Significantly different from sham group at ^bP < 0.01; Significantly different from sham group at ^bP < 0.001. Significantly different from control group at ^cP < 0.05; Significantly different from control group at ^dP < 0.01; Significantly different from control group at ^dP < 0.001; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^eP < 0.05; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^fP < 0.01; Significantly different from Dexa group at ^fP < 0.001; Significantly different from butyrate group at ^gP < 0.05; Significantly different from butyrate group at ^hP < 0.01; Significantly different from butyrate group at ^hP < 0.001; Significantly different from L-carnitine group at ⁱP < 0.05; Significantly different from L-carnitine group at ^jP < 0.01; Significantly different from L-carnitine group at ^jP < 0.001; Significantly different from L. casei group at ^kP < 0.05; Significantly different from L. casei group at ^lP < 0.01; Significantly different from L. casei group at ^lP < 0.001.

Figure 7 Effects of butyrate, L-carnitine, and probiotics on Ikappa B kinase. Adopted from authors’s previous Open Access publication (Moeinian et al. Synergistic effect of probiotics, butyrate and L-carnitine in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). J Med Hypotheses Idea 2013; 7: 50-53)[11]. SOD: Superoxide dismutase; CAT: Catalase; IKK: IκB kinase; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; RIP: Ribosome inactivating protein; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TNF-R: Tumor necrosis factor receptor; TRADD: Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain protein; TRAF2: Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 2; SODD: Silencer of death domain.