Increased susceptibility of ethanol-treated gastric mucosa to naproxen and its inhibition by DA-9601, an Artemisia asiatica extract

Figure 1 The effect of DA-9601 on the area of gastric lesion induced by alcohol and NAP. Data are expressed as mean±SD. ^aP<0.05 vs normal control, ^cP<0.05 vs alcohol group, ^eP<0.05 vs NAP, ^gP<0.05 vs alcohol + NAP.

Figure 2 The effect of DA-9601 on MDA levels in gastric mucosal fluid. There were no statistical significances among all groups.

Figure 3 The effect of DA-9601 on PGE₂ levels in gastric mucosal fluid. Data are expressed as mean±SD. ^aP<0.05 vs normal control, ^cP<0.05 vs alcohol group, ^eP<0.05 vs NAP, ^gP<0.05 vs alcohol + NAP.

Figure 4 The effect of DA-9601 on GSH levels in gastric mucosal fluid. Data are expressed as mean±SD. ^aP<0.05 vs normal control, ^cP<0.05 vs alcohol group, ^eP<0.05 vs NAP, ^gP<0.05 vs alcohol + NAP.

Figure 5 The effect of DA-9601 on MPO levels in gastric mucosal fluid. Data are expressed as mean±SD. ^aP<0.05 vs normal control, ^cP<0.05 vs NAP group.

Figure 6 Histopathological changes induced either by alcohol, NAP and alcohol + NAP administration and its inhibition by DA-9601. A: Minimal inflammatory change in gastric mucosa in group II (alcohol); B: Focal epithelial erosion and inflammatory cell infiltration in gastric mucosa and submucosa of group III (NAP); C: Multifocal and diffuse epithelial erosion and severe inflammatory change in gastric mucosa and submucosa of Group IV (alcohol + NAP); D: DA-9601 treatment ameliorates the pathological changes of gastric mucosa and submucosa induced by NAP in alcohol pre-treated group VI (alcohol + DA-9601+NAP).