Copyright
©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Apr 7, 2017; 23(13): 2286-2293
Published online Apr 7, 2017. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i13.2286
Published online Apr 7, 2017. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i13.2286
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: As a potential prognostic marker and immunotherapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma
Kashif Asghar, Asim Farooq, Muhammad Usman Rashid, Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Asim Farooq, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Bilal Zulfiqar, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia
Author contributions: Asghar K reviewed the literature and wrote the manuscript; Farooq A reviewed the literature and wrote the manuscript; Zulfiqar B reviewed the literature and made the figure; Rashid MU reviewed the literature, critically edited the manuscript and approved the final version.
Conflict-of-interest statement: Authors declare no conflict of interest for this manuscript.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Dr. Kashif Asghar, Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore 54000, Pakistan. kashifasghar@skm.org.pk
Telephone: +92-42-35905000 Fax: +92-42-35945206
Received: December 29, 2016
Peer-review started: January 3, 2017
First decision: February 10, 2017
Revised: February 13, 2017
Accepted: March 15, 2017
Article in press: March 15, 2017
Published online: April 7, 2017
Peer-review started: January 3, 2017
First decision: February 10, 2017
Revised: February 13, 2017
Accepted: March 15, 2017
Article in press: March 15, 2017
Published online: April 7, 2017
Core Tip
Core tip: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive enzyme which mediates tumor immune escape in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). IDO up-regulation in HCC may lead to recruitment of regulatory T-cells into tumor microenvironment and therefore inhibit local immune responses and promote metastasis. IDO inhibitors as adjuvant therapeutic agents may have clinical implications in HCC.