Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Sep 14, 2019; 25(34): 5162-5173
Published online Sep 14, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i34.5162
Timing, distribution, and microbiology of infectious complications after necrotizing pancreatitis
Jiong-Di Lu, Feng Cao, Yi-Xuan Ding, Yu-Duo Wu, Yu-Lin Guo, Fei Li
Jiong-Di Lu, Feng Cao, Yi-Xuan Ding, Yu-Lin Guo, Fei Li, Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
Yu-Duo Wu, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Author contributions: Lu JD is the first author; Cao F and Li F designed and performed the research; Ding YX, Guo YL, and Wu YD contributed the analytical tools; Lu JD, Ding YX, and Guo YL analyzed the data; Lu JD wrote the manuscript; Cao F, Ding YX, and Li F revised the manuscript; and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z171100001017077; the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support, No. XMLX201404.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Xuanwu Hospital Institutional Review Board.
Informed consent statement: The data of our study cohort was obtained retrospectively from the Xuanwu Hospital Database of Capital Medical University. Hence informed consent statement is unnecessary.
Conflict-of-interest statement: None of the authors has a conflict of interest related to the manuscript.
Data sharing statement: The original anonymous dataset is available on request from the corresponding author at feili36@ccmu.edu.cn.
Open-Access: This is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Fei Li, MD, PhD, Chief Doctor, Professor, Surgeon, Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China. feili36@ccmu.edu.cn
Telephone: +86-10-83198731 Fax: +86-10-83198868
Received: June 26, 2019
Peer-review started: June 26, 2019
First decision: July 20, 2019
Revised: August 7, 2019
Accepted: August 19, 2019
Article in press: August 19, 2019
Published online: September 14, 2019
Abstract
BACKGROUND

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdominal disease worldwide, and its incidence rate has increased annually. Approximately 20% of AP patients develop into necrotizing pancreatitis (NP), and 40% to 70% of NP patients have infectious complications, which usually indicate a worse prognosis. Infection is an important sign of complications in NP patients.

AIM

To investigate the difference in infection time, infection site, and infectious strain in NP patients with infectious complications.

METHODS

The clinical data of AP patients visiting the Department of General Surgery of Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2018 were collected retrospectively. Enhanced computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with NP were included in the study. Statistical analysis of infectious bacteria, infection site, and infection time in NP patients with infectious complications was performed, because knowledge about pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns is essential for selecting an appropriate antibiotic. In addition, the factors that might influence the prognosis of patients were analyzed.

RESULTS

In this study, 539 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 162 patients with NP infection, including 212 strains from pancreatic infections and 327 strains from extrapancreatic infections. Gram-negative bacteria were the main infectious species, the most common of which were Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extrapancreatic infection time (9.1 ± 8.8 d) was earlier than the pancreatic infection time (13.9 ± 12.3 d). Among NP patients with early extrapancreatic infection (< 14 d), bacteremia (25.12%) and respiratory tract infection (21.26%) were predominant. Among NP patients with late extrapancreatic infection (> 14 d), bacteremia (15.94%), respiratory tract infection (7.74%), and urinary tract infection (7.71%) were predominant. Drug sensitivity analysis showed that P. aeruginosa was sensitive to enzymatic penicillins, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were sensitive only to tigecycline; Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecium were highly sensitive to linezolid, tigecycline, and vancomycin.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we identified the timing, the common species, and site of infection in patients with NP.

Keywords: Necrotizing pancreatitis, Extrapancreatic infection, Pathogenic bacteria, Drug sensitivity test

Core tip: In our study, Gram-negative bacteria were the main pathogens in necrotizing pancreatitis patients with infectious complications in our hospital. The most common Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, the proportion of multidrug-resistant bacteria was relatively large, and caution should be used in the application of antibiotics. The extrapancreatic infection time was usually earlier than that of pancreatic infection. For patients with suspected infection, blood and respiratory pathogens should be cultured first. Third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins or carbapenems can be used as empirical drugs. Persistent organ failure, multidrug resistance, and multiple operations were risk factors for death.