Efficacy and safety of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with microwave ablation for hepatic hemangiomas (> 5 cm)

Table 3 Summary of postprocedural adverse events

Adverse events1	Clavien-Dindo grade	All (n = 82)	Control group (n = 32)	Observation group (n = 50)	P value2
Postprocedural pain	I	20 (24.39)	8 (25.00)	12 (24.00)	1.0
Fever	I	5 (6.10)	1 (3.12)	4 (8.00)	0.669
Nausea and vomiting	I	17 (20.73)	6 (18.75)	11 (22.00)	0.94
Mild perihepatic hemorrhage	I	10 (12.20)	0 (0.00)	10 (20.00)	0.019a
Anemia3	I	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	1.0
Neutropenia3	I	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	1.0
Thrombocytopenia3	I	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	1.0
Hemoglobinuria	I	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	1.0
Hepatic injury	II	20 (24.39)	2 (6.25)	18 (36.00)	0.005a
Jaundice	II	7 (8.54)	0 (0.00)	7 (14.00)	0.071
Biliary fistula	II	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	1.0
Liver abscess	II	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	1.0
Acute kidney injury	IV	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	1.0

^aP < 0.05; P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Risk ratio for hepatic injury in the observation group compared to the control group was 5.76 (95% confidence interval: 1.43-23.17).

¹Adverse events are listed in ascending order according to the Clavien-Dindo classification, from minor (grade I) to more severe complications (grade IV).

²P value was calculated using the χ² test to compare the distribution of adverse events between the groups.

³Hematologic parameters were monitored considering potential bleomycin-induced bone marrow suppression. Anemia: Hemoglobin < 10.0 g/dL. Neutropenia: Absolute neutrophil count < 1.5 × 10⁹/L. Thrombocytopenia: Platelet count < 75 × 10⁹/L.