Rhapontin activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 to ameliorate 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease mice

Figure 4 Rhapontin ameliorates inflammation of Parkinson's disease mice. A: Quantification analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β] and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in the substantia nigra; B: Quantification analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the striatum; C: Quantification analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the colon; n = 10. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; NS: Not significant; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; M: MPTP; R: Rhapontin; ML: ML385.