Gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: Manifestations, mechanism and management

doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4504

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Jul 28, 2021 (publication date) through Apr 16, 2024

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Jul 28, 2021; 27(28): 4504-4535
Published online Jul 28, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4504

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Figure 5 Mechanisms of liver injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. (1) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-mediated targeting of cholangiocytes; (2) Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection; (3) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and cytokine storms; and (4) Drug-induced liver injury. SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ADE: Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection; SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-18: Interleukin-18; TNF-α; Tumor necrosis factor-α; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate.

Citation: Mohamed DZ, Ghoneim MES, Abu-Risha SES, Abdelsalam RA, Farag MA. Gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: Manifestations, mechanism and management. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(28): 4504-4535
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i28/4504.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4504