©2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 7, 2009; 15(37): 4627-4637
Published online Oct 7, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4627
Published online Oct 7, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4627
Table 5 Causes of megaloblastic anemia
| Cobalamin deficiency |
| Poor diet |
| Deficiency of intrinsic factor |
| Pernicious anemia |
| Total or partial Gastrectomy |
| Ingestion of caustic (lye) |
| Functional defect of intrinsic factor |
| Alteration of ileal (microenvironment) |
| Insufficient pancreatic protease activity |
| Inactivation enzyme (Sd. Zollinger-Ellison) |
| Competition for cobalamin |
| Alteration of ileal mucosa |
| Acquired |
| Surgical resection or by-pass |
| Regional enteritis (Crohn’s disease) |
| Tropical esprue |
| Celiac disease, Tuberculosis |
| Lymphomatous infiltration |
| Induced by drugs |
| Congenital |
| Sd Immerslund-Gräsbeck |
| Congenital transcobalamin II deficiency or abnormality |
| Congenital methylmalonic acidemia and aciduria |
| Hemodialysis |
| Urinary losses (congestive heart failure) |
| Folate deficiency |
| Dietary |
| Old age, infancy, poverty, alcoholism, chronic invalids, psychiatrically disturbed, scurvy and kwashiorkor |
| Excess utilization or loss |
| Physiologic: pregnancy and lactation, prematurity |
| Pathologic: Hematologic diseases |
| Malignant diseases |
| Inflammatory disease |
| Metabolic disease |
| Excess urinary loss, congestive heart failure, active liver disease |
| Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis |
| Malabsorption |
| Congenital |
| Anti-folate drugs |
| Alcoholism |
| Tropical sprue, gluten-induced enteropathy |
| Extensive jejune resection, Crohn’s disease, partial gastrectomy, systemic bacterial infection, Whipple’s disease |
| Congenital abnormalities of folate metabolism |
| Cyclohydrolase, methionine synthetase |
| Combined deficit of folate and cobalamin |
| Celiac disease |
| Regional enteritis (Crohn’s disease) |
| Congenital disorder of DNA synthesis |
| Disorders of DNA synthesis induced by drugs |
| Anti-folate |
| Purine antagonists |
| Pyrimidine antagonists |
| Alkylating |
| Eritroleucemia |
- Citation: Moreno Chulilla JA, Romero Colás MS, Gutiérrez Martín M. Classification of anemia for gastroenterologists. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(37): 4627-4637
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i37/4627.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.4627