Novel computerized psychometric tests as primary screening tools for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Table 1 Studies of novel computerized psychometric tests for screening minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Ref.	Location	Number of cirrhotic patients	Gold standard	Optimal cut-off	AUROC (sensitivity/specificity)
Inhibitory control test
Bajaj et al[6]	United States	50	SPT	> 5 lures	0.96 (90%/90%)
Bajaj et al[8]	United States	135	SPT	> 5 lures	0.90 (87%/77%)
Gupta et al[9]	India	200	PHES	> 14 lures	0.86 (93%/78%)
Sharma et al[27]	India	50	PHES	> 17 lures	0.70 (89%/56%)
Taneja et al[10]	India	102	PHES	> 14 lures	0.75 (78%/65%)
Duarte-Rojo et al[40]	United States	437	PHES	> 5 lures	0.561 (45%/67%)
Pawar et al[24]	India	180	PHES	> 14 lures	0.72 (79%/66%)
EncephalApp Stroop App
Bajaj et al[14]	United States	125	PHES	> 274.9 s	0.84 (88%/78%)
Bajaj et al[13]	United States	167	SPT	> 190 s	0.88 (80%/81%)
Allampati et al[12]	United States	437	PHES/ICT	> 195.9 s	PHES: 0.80 (80%/61%)
					ICT: 0.80 (72%/54%)
Duarte-Rojo et al[40]	United States	437	PHES	> 195.9 s	0.59 (70%/48%)
Critical flicker frequency
Kircheis et al[46]	Germany	92	Vienna Test System	< 39 Hz	0.72 (55%/100%)
Romero-Gómez et al[15]	Spain	114	PHES	< 38 Hz	0.79 (72%/77%)
Sharma et al[49]	India	110	NCT-A/B	< 39 Hz	0.80 (65%/91%)
Metwally et al[17]	Egypt	86	PHES	< 39 Hz	0.94 (91%/92%)
Coşkun et al[48]	Turkey	70	PHES	< 39 Hz	0.71 (39%/82%)
StroopEffect-2
Suresh et al[54]	India	37	RAKIT	> 180.4 s	0.97 (100%/89.6%)
eNCT
Wuensch et al[55]	Germany	112	PHES	10″ (18″)	0.92 (82%/85%)
CDR assessment battery
Mardini et al[57]	United Kingdom	89	PHES	-5 to 15	0.917 (86.4%/81%)
CNSVS
Prakash et al[60]	United States	100	PHES	> 2 SD	0.74 (85%/64%)
ImPACT
Tsushima et al[62]	United States	90	SPT	> 2 SD	0.78 (62.5%/94.7%)

AUROC: Area under the receiver operating curve; CDR: Cognitive drug research; CNSVS: Central nervous system vital signs; eNCT: Electronic number connection test; ImPACT: Immediate postconcussion assessment and cognitive test; MHE: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy; NCT: Number connection test; PHES: Psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score; P300ERP: P300 auditory event related potential; RAKIT: Revised Amsterdamse kinder intelligentie test; SD: Standard deviation; SPT: Standard psychometric tests.