Primary renal lymphoma presenting as renal failure: A case report and review of literature from 1989

Table 1 Summary of 121 cases of primary renal lymphoma since 1989, n (%)

Factor		Factor
Gender		Age (yr)
Male	72 (58.5)	≤ 20	16 (13.2)
Female	45 (36.6)	21-40	7 (5.8)
Unknown	4 (3.3)	41-60	41 (33.8)
		61-80	48 (39.7)
		≥ 80	9 (7.4)
Site		Prognosis
Unilateral	81 (66.9)	Died due to lymphoma	21 (17.4)
Bilateral	36 (29.8)	Free of disease	68 (56.2)
Unknown	4 (3.3)	Recurrence	5 (4.1)
		Unknown	27 (22.3)
Histologic diagnosis		Treatment
DLBCL	62 (51.2)	CTx	67 (55.4)
BCL, other	22 (18.2)	CTx + surg	24 (19.8)
MZL	23 (19.0)	CTx + RTx	5 (4.1)
FL	3 (2.5)	CTx + stem cell	1 (0.8)
TCL	2 (1.7)	TPL	2 (1.7)
T-LBL	3 (2.5)	CTx + Surg + RTx	2 (1.7)
NHL	2 (1.7)	RTx Surg	9 (7.4)
Unknown	4 (3.2)	Steroid therapy	3 (2.5)
		Antibiotics	1 (0.8)
		No	3 (2.5)
		Unknown	4 (3.3)

BCL: B-cell lymphoma; MZL: Marginal zone lymphoma; FL: Follicular lymphoma; TCL: T cell lymphoma; T-LBL: T lymphoblastic lymphoma; NHL: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; CTx: Chemotherapy; RTx: Radiotherapy; Surg: surgery; DLBCL: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Table 2 Comparison of clinical pathological factors according to age distribution, n (%)

Age (yr)		Bilateral	AKI	Prognosis-dead
≤ 10	11 (9.1)	9 (81.8)	0	5 (45.5)
11-20	5 (4.1)	3 (60.0)	0	0
21-30	3 (2.5)	3 (100)	1 (33.3)	0
31-40	4 (3.3)	2 (50.0)	0	2 (50.0)
41-50	17 (14.0)	3 (17.6)	3 (17.6)	2 (11.8)
51-60	24 (19.8)	6 (25.0)	2 (8.3)	2 (8.3)
61-70	22 (18.2)	6 (27.3)	1 (4.5)	5 (22.7)
71-80	26 (21.5)	4 (15.4)	4 (15.4)	5 (19.2)
≥ 80	9 (7.4)	0	0	0
	123	36 (29.3)	11 (8.9)	21 (17.4)

AKI: Acute kidney injury.

Table 3 121 cases of primary renal lymphoma reported in the literature since 1989

No	Age (yr)	Sex	Side	Presentation	Diagnosis	Tx	Prognosis	Year	Ref.
1	53	F	B	Poor appetite, wt loss	NHL	CTx	Died at 3 d	1989	Paganelli et al[2]
2	58	M	B	Anorexia, wt loss, night sweat, malaise	B-cell NHL	CTx	NR	1992	Taneja et al[8]
3	51	F	U	Pain	SNCL	CTx	NR	1993	Van Gelder et al[9]
4	4	M	B	Fever, N/V	NR	CTx	Died after 16 mo	1994	Salem et al[10]
5	5	F	B	Fever, wt loss sweat	B-LBL	CTx	Died after 20 mo	1994	Salem et al[10]
6	49	F	B	Renal impairment, fever, wt loss, LBP	Centroblastic lymphoma	CTx	Died after 10 wk	1994	Salem et al[10]
7	52	F	U	Pain	DLBCL	CTx	Remission-relapse	1995	Arranz et al[11]
8	59	M	U	Pain	SNCL	CTx	Remission	1995	Arranz et al[11]
9	60	F	U	Pain	DLBCL	CTx	Remission	1995	Arranz et al[11]
10	60	M	U	Pain	DLBCL	CTx	Remission-relapse	1995	Arranz et al[11]
11	63	F	B	Pain	DLBCL	CTx	Died after 4.5 mo	1995	Arranz et al[11]
12	73	F	B	N/V, AKI	DLBCL	PDS	Died after 3 mo	1999	Okuno et al[12]
13	50	M	U	NR	MZL	No	Remission	1999	Chin et al[13]
14	76	F	U	Flank pain	MALT	Surg	NR	2000	Stallone et a[5]
15	45	M	U	Pain, fever	MZL	CTx	Remission-relapse	2001	Mhawech et al[15]
16	51	M	B	Flank pain	TCL	CTx	Died after 15 mo	2001	Jindal et al[16]
17	45	M	U	Incidental	BCL, Burkitt	Surg CTx	Remission	2002	O'Riordan et al[17]
18	62	M	B	Hematuria, acute urinary retention,	BCL, follicular	CTx	Died after 2 mo	2002	O'Riordan et al[17]
19	14	M	B	Headache, HTN, flank pain, Wt loss,	DLBCL	CTx	Alive at 2 wk	2002	Gellrich et al[18]
20	78	M	U	Hematuria	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	Alive at 2 yr	2002	Levendoglu et al[19]
21	77	M	U	Not determined	MZL	No	Remission	2002	Mansouri et al[20]
22	68	F	NR	NR	MALT	PDS	NR	2002	Mita et al[21]
23	72	F	NR	NR	MALT	PDS	NR	2002	Mita et al[21]
24	57	F	ND	Pain, fever	BCL	CTx	NR	2003	Stokes et al[22]
25	79	M	U	Pain, weakness, U/O↓	MZL	Surg, CTx	Alive at 2 mo	2003	O'Sullivan et al[23]
26	82	M	U	Pain	DLBCL	CTx	D's free after 1 yr	2003	Olusanya et al[24]
27	43	M	U	Lt. flank pain	MALT	Surg, CTx	Alive at 28 mo	2003	Pervez et al[25]
28	46	M	B	RF	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	Alive at 67 mo	2004	Tuzel et al[26]
29	17	M	U	Flank pain	DLBCL	CTx	Remission	2004	Cupisti et al[27]
30	70	F	U	Anorexia, malaise, fever	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	Alive at 8 mo	2004	Ozaltin et al[28]
31	65	F	U	Unknown	DLBCL	Surg, CTx, RTx	Alive at 18 mo	2005	Zomas et al[29]
32	68	M	B	Pain	DLBCL	No	Died after 10 d	2006	Ahmad et al[30]
33	70	M	U	LBP	DLBCL	CTx	D's free after 1 yr	2006	Kaya et al[31]
34	62	M	B	Oliguria, ARF	DLBCL	CTx	Died after 3rd CTx	2006	Bozas et al[32]
35	68	F	B	Flank pain, dysuria	LCL	Unknown	Died after 10 d	2006	Ahmad et al[30]
36	53	M	U	Not determined	MZL	CTx	Remission	2006	Guilpain et al[33]
37	72	M	U	Fever, chill	MZL	Surg	NR	2006	Guilpain et al[33]
38	83	F	U	Flank pain	MZL	CTx	D's free after 8 mo	2006	Guilpain et al[33]
39	83	F	U	Pain, fever	MZL	CTx, RTx	Remission	2006	Guilpain et al[33]
40	2	M	B	Abd. Distension, U/O↓	TCL	CTx	F/U loss	2006	Qiu et al[34]
41	71	F	U	wt loss, fever	BCL	Surg, CTx	Died after 4 mo	2006	Tefekli et al[1]
42	78	M	U	Pain	DLBCL	CTx	Remission	2006	Sharma et al[35]
43	5	M	B	HTN	TCL	CTx	Died after 2 mo	2007	Valarmathi et al[36]
44	77	ND	B	ARF	DLBCL	CTx, RTx	Remission	2007	Becker et al[37]
45	50	M	U	Abd pain	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	Alive at 1 mo	2007	Diskin et al[38]
46	62	M	U	Hematuria	DLBCL	Surg, CTx, IFN	Alive at 5 yr	2007	Diskin et al[38]
47	84	M	U	Unknown	BCL	Surg, CTx, IFN	Alive at 5 yr	2007	Diskin et al[38]
48	54	M	U	ND	MZL (MALT)	CTx	Remission	2007	Fang et al[39]
49	65	ND	U	ND	MZL (MALT)	Antibiotics	Remission	2007	Fang et al[39]
50	66	F	U	ND	MZL	Surg	Remission	2007	Fang et al[39]
51	75	M	U	ND	MZL (MALT)	CTx	Remission	2007	Fang et al[39]
52	77	F	ND	ND	MZL (MALT)	NR	Remission	2007	Fang et al[39]
53	83	M	U	ND	MZL (MALT)	CTx	Remission	2007	Fang et al[39]
54	49	M	U	Abd pain, fever	DLBCL	CTx	NR	2007	Bokhari et al[102]
55	21	M	B	Fever, wt loss, pain,	DLBCL	CTx	NR	2007	Garcia et al[40]
56	58	M	U	Headache, memory loss	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	Well on CTx	2007	Omer et al[41]
57	57	M	B	Dyspnea, RF, anemia	NR	CTx, Stem, cell TPL	NR (regression)	2008	Rajappa et al[42]
58	55	F	U	Fever	DLBCL	CTx	D's free after 1 mo	2008	James et al[43]
59	62	F	U	Fever, flank pain	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	Alive at 1 yr	2008	Ladha et al[4]
60	62	M	U	Pain	DLBCL	CTx, RTx	Remission-relapse	2008	Ladha et al[4]
61	3	M	B	Abd. distension, abd. pain, fever	BCL	CTx	Died after 5th CTx	2009	Kuo et al[44]
62	71	M	U	Unknown	DLBCL	CTx	Alive 2 yr	2009	Jindal et al[45]
63	74	M	U	Unknown	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	D's after 2nd CTx	2009	Jindal et al[45]
64	75	F	U	Unknown	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	Alive at 1 yr	2009	Jindal et al[45]
65	81	M	U	Hematuria	SBL	Surg, CTx	NR	2009	Jindal et al[45]
66	60	M	U	Dyspnea, fatigue	FL	Surg, CTx	NR	2009	Kose et al[46]
67	82	M	U	Mass	NR	RTx	NR	2009	Pinggera et al[47]
68	52	F	B	BP, headache, dysuria, hematuria, ARF, HTN	DLBCL	CTx	Alive 2 yr NR s	2009	Renaud et al[48]
69	46	M	U	Wt loss, fever, pain	DLBCL	CTx	Alive 7 mo	2009	Reuter et al[49]
70	47	M	U	Chronic graft dysfunction	BCL	Surg	Alive at 6.5 yr	2009	Reuter et al[49]
71	77	F	U	Anorexia, asthenia, malaise	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	Alive at 15 mo	2009	Reuter et al[49]
72	70	M	U	Hematuria	DLBCL	Surg	NR	2010	Vázquez et al[50]
73	66	F	U	Incidental	MALT	CTx	D's free after 3 yr	2010	Chatzipantelis et al[51]
74	52	F	U	Flank pain, hematuria	DLBCL	CTx	D's free after Tx	2010	Contreras-Ibáñez et al[52]
75	32	M	U	Heaviness, wt loss,	BCL	Surg, CTx	Died after 2 mo	2010	Cyriac et al[53]
76	12	M	U	Lumbar mass	DLBCL	CTx	D's free after 3 mo	2010	Gupta et al[54]
77	48	M	U	Abd. distension	DLBCL	CTx	D's free after Tx	2010	Kumar et al[55]
78	2.5	F	B	Abd. distension	T-LBL	CTx	D's free after Tx	2010	Moslemi et al[56]
79	75	F	B	ARF	DLBCL	CTx	NR	2010	Paladugu et al[57]
80	67	F	B	Epigastric pain, N/V	Large BCL	CTx	Alive at 4 wk	2011	Weng et al[58]
81	72	M	U	Flank pain, wt loss,	DLBCL	CTx	Alive at 15 mo	2011	Al-salam et al[59]
82	7	F	B	Fever, joint pain, anemia	NR	CTx	NR	2011	Al-salam et al[59]
83	23	M	B	ARF	TLBL	CTx	NR	2011	Dash et al[61]
84	73	M	U	Unknown	Large BCL	Surg	Unknown	2012	Kwakernaak et al[62]
85	82	F	U	Dizziness, palpitation, loss of consciousness	BCL	CTx	Unknown	2012	Brancato et al[63]
86	46	M	U	Wt loss, flank pain	DLBCL	Surg, CTx, RTx	Alive at 5 yr	2012	Hart et al[64]
87	77	F	U	Anorexia, malaise	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	Alive at 5.5 yr	2012	Hart et al[64]
88	61	M	U	ND	DLBCL	CTx	NR	2013	Vázquez-Alonso et al[65]
89	77	M	U	Hematuria	MZL	RTx	Alive at 3 yr	2013	Chen et al[66]
90	12	F	U	Hematuria	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	Alive at 3.2 yr	2013	Dedekam et al[67]
91	27	F	B	N/V, fever	DLBCL	CTx	Recurrence	2013	Hayakawa et al[68]
92	39	M	U	Pain	NHL	CTx	Remission	2013	Hu et al[69]
93	64	F	U	Wt loss	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	D's free	2013	Pahwa et al[3]
94	42	M	U	Abd pain, abd. mass	DLBCL	CTx	Alive at 28 mo	2014	Patel et al[70]
95	49	M	U	Pain, abd. mass	BCL	Surg	Alive at 1 yr	2014	Geetha et al[71]
96	82	F	U	HTN	MALT	Surg, CTx	D's free after 10 mo	2014	Naveen et al[72]
97	44	F	B	ARF	DLBCL	CTx	NR	2015	Vedovo et al[73]
98	8	ND	B	Fever, joint pain, anemia,	BCL	CTx	Alive at 1 yr	2015	Bahure et al[74]
99	56	M	U	Flank pain, fever	DLBCL	CTx, RTx	Remission	2015	Dhull et al[75]
100	8	M	U	Wt loss	DLBCL	CTx	Recurrence	2015	Hagihara et al[76]
101	70	F	U	Anorexia, malaise, fever	DLBCL	CTx	Alive at 8 mo	2016	Wang et al[77]
102	19	M	B	Hematuria	DLBCL	CTx	Alive after Tx	2016	Chen et al[78]
103	72	M	U	Incidental	FL	Surg, CTx	NR	2016	Erdoğmuş et al[79]
104	50	M	U	Dull aching pain	DLBCL	CTx	Died before 3rd CTx	2016	Jipp et al[80]
105	12	M	B	Fatigue	DLBCL	CTx	D's free after 5 yr	2017	Shetty et al[81]
106	10	M	U	Flank mass	DLBCL	CTx	Died at 14 mo	2017	Butani et al[82]
107	54	F	U	Headache	DLBCL	CTx	NR	2017	Coca et al[83]
108	38	M	B	Flank pain	DLBCL	NR	NR	2017	Rissman et al[84]
109	64	F	U	Abd. pain	DLBCL	CTx	NR	2017	Saddadi et al[85]
110	51	M	U	Flank pain	DLBCL	Surg	D's free after Tx	2018	Thawani et al[86]
111	37	M	B	Hematuria	DLBCL	CTx	Died prior to CTx	2018	Agochukwu et al[87]
112	4	M	B	Fatigue	DLBCL	CTx	D's free after 4 yr	2018	Mustafar et al[88]
113	64	F	U	Frequency	DLBCL	Surg, CTx	NR	2019	South et al[89]
114	78	M	U	Abd. pain	DLBCL	Surg	Died during Tx	2019	Cheng et al[90]
115	79	M	U	Myalgia	DLBCL	NR	NR	2019	Li et al[91]
116	50	M	U	Flank pain	DLBCL	CTx, RTx	CR	2022	Silverman et al[92]
117	56	F	U	Back pain, hematuria	DLBCL	CTx	D's free after 1 yr	2022	Nasrollahi et al[93]
118	59	M	U	Back pain	BCL	CTx	CR	2022	He et al[94]
119	53	ND	B	Back pain, ARF	MZL	CTx	Under Tx	2023	Abdi et al[95]
120	56	F	U	Incidental	HG BCL	CTx	D's free	2023	Benmoussa et al[96]
121	74	F	B	ARF	DLBCL	CTx	Died at 3rd CTx	Present case

Tx: Treatment; ND: Not defined; B: Bilateral; U: Unilateral; wt: Weight; N/V: Nausea/Vomiting; LBP: Lower back pain; AKI: Acute kidney injury; NR: Not reported; HTN: Hypertension; U/O: Urine output; ARF: Acute renal failure; NHL: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; SNCL: Small non-cleaved cell lymphoma; B-LBL: B-lymphoblastic lymphoma; DLBCL: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; MZL: Marginal zone lymphoma; MALT: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma; TCL: T-cell lymphoma; LCL: Large cell lymphoma; SABL: Small B-cell lymphoma; FL: Follicular lymphoma; T-LBL: T-lymphoblastic lymphoma; HG BCL: High-grade BCL; CTx: Chemotherapy; PDS: Prednisolone; Surg: surgery; RTx: Radiotherapy; IFN: Interferon; TPL: Transplantation.